图书简介

Introduction; Chapter 1: The origins of the Metre Convention 1851 to 1869; Why?; The need for international agreement on measurement standards; The great Exhibition of 1851 in London; The 1855 Paris Universal Exhibition and Statistical Congress; The Universal Exhibition Paris 1867; a time of political tension in Europe; The unit of length for geodesy and the original definition of the metre; The International Conferences on Geodesy, Berlin 1864 and 1867; Reactions from France: the Bureau des Longitudes; Academy of Science of Saint Petersburg; Reaction from the Academie des Sciences; Chapter 2: The creation of the International Metre Commission 1869; Creation of the Metre Commission; The members of the French Section of the Metre Commission; The first meetings of the French Section; What should be the origin of the new international metre?; The first meeting of the Metre Commission, August 1870; Chapter 3: The International Metre Commission, meetings of 1872/73; The order of things from 1869 to 1875; The Committee for Preparatory Research April 1872; The International Metre Commission September October 1872; Chapter 4: The casting of 1874 and the first steps in the fabrication of the new metric standards; Great Britain decides not to join; The problem of melting and casting platinum; Preparations for the Conservatoire casting; The casting of 250 kilograms of platinum-iridium on 13 May 1874: the alloy of the Conservatoire; Approval of the Permanent Committee; First indications that the alloy of the Conservatoire was contaminated with iron and ruthenium; To proceed regardless; Chapter 5: The Diplomatic Conference of the Metre 1875; The first sessions of the Conference; The Special Commission; First drafts of the Convention; Attempts at a compromise proposal; The opinion of the French Government; The first vote on the proposals; The 12 and 15 April sessions of the Diplomatic Conference; The signing of the Metre Convention on 20 May 1875; Chapter 6: The creation of the BIPM and the beginning of the construction of the new metric prototypes; problems with the French Section; The first meeting of the International Committee for Weights and Measures; The founding members of the International Committee; Choosing the site for the International Bureau, the Pavillon de Breteuil; Decisions on the main instruments for the new institute; Progress between April 1875 and April 1876; design for laboratory building; Difficult relations between the International Committee and the French Section; First meeting of the International Committee at the Pavillon de Breteuil; the Committee refuses the 1874 alloy; A new railway line and improved relations with the French Section; Chapter 7: 1879 to 1889, the first decade of scientific work at the International Bureau; Progress with metres and instruments; Publications, official and scientific and the library; Elections to the International Committee; Construction of the new prototypes, the metres; Construction of the new prototypes, the kilograms; More on the metres; Good relations with the French Section; The measurement of temperature, the 1887 hydrogen scale; A first unsuccessful step towards electrical standards at the BIPM; Chapter 8: New Member States and the first General Conference on Weights and Measures, 1889; New States join including Great Britain; Time to call a General Conference?; Final acts of the French Section; The first General Conference on Weights and Measures September 1889; The formal adoption of the new metric prototypes; The distribution of national prototypes; In the end, who was right about the alloy of the Conservatoire?; Chapter 9: The development of the scientific work at the BIPM, the General Conferences of 1895 and 1901; More new scientific work; Thermometry; The density of water; The length of the metre in terms of the wavelength of light; Calibrations; Staff health problems and building repairs; Members of the International Committee; The toise and the Imperial Standard Yard; The second General Conference and the BIPM pension scheme and reserve fund; The third General Conference: the BIPM too small and fragile?; Chapter 10: The creation of the Grands Laboratoires; Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR); National Physical Laboratory (NPL); The National Bureau of Standards (NBS); A French national standards laboratory?; Chapter 11: The story of invar and the extension of the role of the International Bureau at the 6th General Conference 1921; The origins of the discovery of invar; Thermal and mechanical properties of invar; Samuel Stratton and Sir David Gill and proposals for changing the Convention; Scientific staff of the Bureau; The fifth General Conference and proposals for a new temperature scale; Legal and practical metrology; The International Bureau 1914 to 1918; The meeting of the International Committee in 1920 and the resignation of Foerster; Plans to broaden the range of the Bureau’s work; The opening of the sixth General Conference 27 September 1921; Objections to the new role for the International Bureau; Final conclusions of the Conference: a new Convention and broader role for the International Bureau; Chapter 12: The 7th and 8th General Conferences 1927 and 1933, practical metrology and the Bureau during the Second World War; The financial situation of the Bureau in the 1920s; Results of the first verification of national prototypes of the metre presented to 7th General Conference; What should be the standard temperature for the definition of the metre and for industrial length metrology?; Quartz reference standards for length and proposals for a new definition of the metre; Agreement for work on electrical standards at the International Bureau and the creation of the Consultative Committee for Electricity; The International Temperature Scale of 1927; The beginning of electrical work at the International Bureau; The move to absolute electrical units; A Consultative Committee for Photometry and the CIE, new definition of the standard of light; The International Committee takes an important decision related to practical metrology; Other activities of The International Committee and international Bureau in the 1930s; The International Bureau during the Second World War; Scientific work during the War; Chapter 13: The SI, absolute electrical units, the International Committee and the creation of the ionizing radiation section.; The call for an International System of Units at the 9th General Conference 1948; The substitution of absolute electrical units for the 1908 International Units; Objections on the part of the PTR; A date for implementation of the absolute system and interruption caused by the war; The need to act quickly; Final decisions of the International Committee; Final discussions on practical metrology; New science, new prospects for units; The International Committee after the war; The International Bureau and its staff after the war, the Accord de Siege; The creation of the Ionizing Radiation Section at the Bureau; Chapter 14: The adoption of the SI, revising the Metre Convention, new definitions of the metre and second at the 11th General Conference 1960; The International System of Units SI; Preparations to revise the Metre Convention; Discussions at the 11th General Conference; The change in definition of the Metre: arguments for and against; Which radiation to choose?; The new definition of the metre and the International Bureau; Financial matters and problems of the Cold War; The definition of the second; The International Committee decides; Problems with the new definition of the second; The second redefined again in 1967; The development of the scientific work of the International Bureau up to 1975; The influence on the Bureau of national standards laboratories; The influence of the Consultative Committees; Laser wavelength standards at the Bureau; Staff development at the Bureau; Calibrations: an evolving activity at the Bureau; The new journal, Metrologia; Chapter 15: The mole, the speed of light and more about the Metre Convention; The mole and chemistry; The first attempt to bring chemistry into the affairs of the Bureau; The 13th CGPM and its refusal to adopt the dotation; The Centenary of the Metre Convention in 1975; Redefinition of the metre in terms of the speed of light; New proposals to modify the Metre Convention; The Direction and supervision of the International Bureau from 1975 to 2003; The financial situation of the BIPM from 1975 to 2003; The Pavillon du Mail, some difficulties with building permission; Chapter 16: New science at the BIPM and the Recognition of National measurement Standards; The BIPM staff in the last quarter of the 20th century; Developments in photometry and radiometry and a new definition of the candela; International Atomic Time and Coordinated Universal Time; Other new science at the Bureau; The new quantum electrical standards; The BIPM mechanical workshop; Chemistry at last comes to the CIPM and BIPM; Traceability in laboratory medicine; The International Organization for Legal Metrology; The CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement for National Measurement Standards - early discussions; First moves towards an MRA; Regional metrology organizations; Other pressures on national laboratories and looking to the BIPM; First meeting of Directors of national metrology institutes and first draft of an MRA; Quality systems and key comparison reference values; Final agreement reached; Chapter 17: The redefinition of the kilogram and the move towards the New SI; The kilogram from 1889 to the present day; Advances in science that at last make absolute units possible; The watt balance; Determine the mass of an atom by x-ray crystal density of silicon; Comparing the results from the watt balance and the silicon crystal density experiments; How and when to proceed to an actual redefinition of the kilogram; What does it mean to fix the numerical value of a fundamental constant and how do we use it to define a unit?; The arguments against a new definition; Redefining the ampere, kelvin and mole; How to formulate the new definitions; The CIPM proposes an absolute system of units based on the fundamental constants of physics; Epilogue: The new SI and the future role of the BIPM; Appendix English text of the Metre Convention; Bibliography

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