图书简介

Preface; 1. What Are the Philosophical Foundations of Bioethics?; What is normative ethics?; What are some important moral theories for bioethics?; How does utilitarian reasoning work?; What principles are featured in Kantian ethics?; What does Natural Law ethics contribute to bioethics?; What is the principles approach to bioethics?; Concluding thoughts; 2. How Has the Shift from Paternalism to Autonomy Shaped Bioethics?; What is paternalism in general?; How do strong and weak paternalism differ?; What is medical paternalism?; What does autonomy mean in bioethics?; What is informed consent?; What was the significance of the Belmont Report?; What historical forces led to the rejection of medical paternalism?; Do the effects of serious illness justify medical paternalism?; Do irrational choices justify medical paternalism?; Does respect for cultural differences justify deception?; How should doctors give bad news to patients?; Is deception justified in some hard cases?; How should bioethicists and health care professionals address racism?; Concluding thoughts; 3. Do Advance Directives Protect Patient Autonomy?; What is an advance directive for medical care?; What constitutes a relevant change of mind?; What is the then-self/now-self problem?; How have defenders of advance directives responded to this problem?; Can advance directives accommodate the then-self/now-self problem?; What communication challenges limit the use of advance directives?; Summary observations; 4. When Is Experimentation on Human Subjects Unethical?; What principles for ethical research emerged in the Nuremberg Code?; What notable experiments influenced the development of medical research ethics?; Are randomized clinical trials ethically questionable?; When do placebo-control trials violate principles of medical ethics?; How do international contexts affect the ethics of trials?; When are challenge trials for new vaccines acceptable?; When do exclusions and priorities unjustly affect disadvantaged groups?; Summary and concluding thoughts; 5. How Should Death Be Defined and Determined?; What is death?; What is brain death?; Are neurological criteria a better indicator of death?; What are the practical advantages of neurological criteria?; Are there scientific arguments in favor of brain death?; What are the arguments against brain death?; What is the significance of the case of Jahi McMath?; What would happen if we gave up brain death?; Should a higher-brain standard be adopted?; Is death an event or a process - and does it matter?; Concluding thoughts; 6. Is Physician-Assisted Dying an Ethical Choice?; What is euthanasia?; What is the difference between voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia?; What was the Nazi euthanasia program?; What is self-administered physician-assisted dying?; What is the equal protection argument for PAD?; Where is self-administered PAD legal in the United States?; What is the legal status of PAD elsewhere in the world?; What are the moral arguments in favor of PAD?; What are the moral arguments against PAD?; Is PAD inconsistent with the physician’s role?; Would legalizing PAD undermine palliative care?; Does legalizing PAD create a slippery slope?; Is there really a need for PAD?; Concluding thoughts; 7. Is Abortion an Ethical Choice?; What is the conservative view of the moral status of the unborn?; Why do moderate conservatives think human life begins after conception?; Is abortion always wrong for conservatives?; What is the liberal view of the moral status of the unborn?; What is the potentiality principle?; Does the person view justify infanticide?; How does the future-like-ours theory offer a new approach to abortion?; How does the embodied minds view affect the debate?; What are the implications of the interest view for abortion?; How does the interest view support a gradualist approach?; What about late abortions?; What role does the right to bodily self-determination play?; 8. What Are the Implications of the Disability Critique?; What is prenatal testing (PT)?; What is preimplantation genetic testing (PGT)?; What is the purpose of PT and PGT?; What is the DC’s objection to selective abortion?; What responses can be made to the DC?; Can prenatal testing be regarded as a preventive measure?; Does the choice of selective abortion display a bad parental attitude?; Concluding thoughts; 9. What Ethical Issues Are Raised by Assisted Reproductive Technology?; How is infertility defined, and what are its causes?; What medical procedures are used to treat infertility?; What ethical arguments favor ART?; Is adoption a better alternative than ART?; What are the health risks of IVF to women?; What are the health risks to offspring?; Are the offspring at risk of psychological harm?; Who should pay?; Is using ART to create non-traditional families ethically acceptable?; Does paying gamete donors or gestational carriers commodify reproduction?; Does payment exploit egg donors?; Does payment exploit gestational carriers?; Is the use of ART for medical sex selection ethical?; What arguments support the use of ART for nonmedical sex selection?; What are the arguments against nonmedical sex selection?; Concluding thoughts; 10. What Is Required for a Healthcare System to Be Just?; What questions of justice arise in comparing healthcare systems?; How do utilitarian views of justice apply to healthcare systems?; What does an egalitarian view of justice require?; What does libertarian justice imply for the choice of a system?; How do market failure and cost-shifting affect health insurance?; What is unfair free-riding?; To what extent does free-riding affect arguments about insurance?; Why is insurance dangerous, and how can that danger be addressed?; What role does public health play in a just system?; Can common ground be found in debates about healthcare systems?; 11. How Can Scarce Resources Be Allocated Justly?; Who should have priority for lifesaving organ transplants?; In a pandemic, who should get care first?; Should past behavior affect priority for care?; Should priorities be adjusted for structural inequities of health?; What priority, if any, should treatment have over prevention?; What should be included in the basic minimum available to everyone?; What is a quality-adjusted life year (QALY)?; Is it ethical to use QALYs to allocate healthcare resources?; Do reference point effects justify extra value at the end of life?; Concluding observation; 12. What Is a Justified Price for Pharmaceutical Drugs?; What is an ethically justified price?; What costs of research and development justify price?; Is market competition a good determinant of drug price?; What makes it difficult to discern the true effectiveness of a drug?; Should value-based pricing be used to determine price?; What reforms are needed in markets and regulation?; Is patent protection compatible with global justice?; Concluding observation; 13. Is It Ethical to Genetically Modify Humans?; What is gene therapy?; What is CRISPR?; What safety concerns does CRISPR raise?; Who was He Jiankui, and what did he do?; What was unethical about what He Jiankui did?; Can genetic modification of embryos to prevent disease be justified?; What about enhancement?; Does enhancement threaten authenticity?; Does enhancement violate autonomy?; Might enhancement be damaging to parent-child relationships?; Are genes more deterministic than environmental influences?; Is gene therapy worth the cost?; Is genetic enhancement incompatible with social justice?; Should we alter human evolution?; Concluding thoughts; Notes; Further Reading; Index

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