图书简介

Preface; Chapter 1. The Science of Animal Behavior ; 1.1 Animals and their behavior are an integral part of human society; Recognizing and defining behavior; Measuring behavior in elephant ethograms; 1.2 The scientific method is a formalized way of knowing about the natural world; The importance of hypotheses; The scientific method; Negative results and directional hypotheses; Correlation and causality; Hypotheses and theories; Social sciences and the natural sciences; 1.3 Scientists study both the proximate mechanisms that generate behavior and the ultimate reasons why the behavior evolved; Tinbergen’s four questions; Implications of Tinbergen’s work; 1.4 Researchers have examined animal behavior from a variety of perspectives over time; Darwin and adaptation; Early comparative psychology; Comparative psychology in North America; Behaviorism; Classical ethology; Interdisciplinary approaches; 1.5 Anthropomorphic explanations of behavior assign human emotions to animals and can be difficult to test; Chapter Summary and Beyond; Chapter Review; Critical Thinking and Discussion; Features; Scientific Process 1.1 Robin abundance and food availability; Scientific Process 1.2 Robin abundance and predators; Applying the Concepts 1.1 Human infant crying; Applying the Concepts 1.2 What is behind the guilty look in dogs?; Toolbox 1.1 Describing and summarizing data; Toolbox 1.2 Interpreting graphical data; Quantitative Reasoning 1.1 Nesting success and breeding habitats; Chapter 2. Methods for Studying Animal Behavior ; 2.1 Animal behavior scientists generate and test hypotheses to answer research questions about behavior; Hypothesis testing in wolf spiders; Generating hypotheses; Hypotheses and predictions from mathematical models; 2.2 Researchers use observational, experimental, and comparative methods to study behavior; The observational method; The observational method and male mating tactics in bighorn sheep; The experimental method; The experimental method and jumping tadpoles; The comparative method; The comparative method and the evolution of burrowing behavior in mice; 2.3 Animal behavior research requires ethical animal use; How research can affect animals; Sources of ethical standards; The three Rs; 2.4 Scientific knowledge is generated and communicated to the scientific community via peer-reviewed research; Chapter Summary and Beyond; Chapter Review; Critical Thinking and Discussion; Features; Scientific Process 2.1 Jumping tadpoles; Applying the Concepts 2.1 Project Seahorse; Toolbox 2.1 Animal sampling techniques; Toolbox 2.2 Scientific literacy; Quantitative Reasoning 2.1 Sampling methods; Chapter 3. Evolution and the Study of Animal Behavior ; 3.1 Evolution by natural selection favors behavioral adaptations that enhance fitness; Measures of heritability; Maternal defense behavior in mice; Variation within a population; Frequency-dependent selection; Fitness and adaptation; 3.2 Modes of natural selection describe population changes; Directional selection in juvenile ornate tree lizards; Disruptive selection in spadefoot toad tadpoles; Stabilizing selection in juvenile convict cichlids; Studying adaptation: the cost-benefit approach; 3.3 Individual and group selection have been used to explain cooperation; 3.4 Sexual selection is a form of natural selection that focuses on the reproductive fitness of individuals; Sexual selection in widowbirds; Chapter Summary and Beyond; Chapter Review; Critical Thinking and Discussion; Features; Scientific Process 3.1 Stabilizing selection on territory size in cichlids; Applying the Concepts 3.1 Do lemmings commit suicide?; Toolbox 3.1 Genetics primer; Quantitative Reasoning 3.1 Presence and absence of predator cues; Chapter 4. Behavioral Genetics ; 4.1 Behaviors vary in their heritability; 4.2 Behavioral variation is associated with genetic variation; Behavioral differences between wild-type and mutant-type fruit flies; Major and minor genes; Fire ant genotype and social organization; Experimental manipulation of gene function: knockout studies; Anxiety-related behavior and knockout of a hormone receptor in mice; QTL mapping to identify genes associated with behavior; QTL mapping for aphid feeding behavior; 4.3 The environment influences behavior via gene expression; Environmental effects on zebrafish aggression; Social environment and gene expression in fruit flies; Social environment and birdsong development; Social environment and gene expression in birds; Gene-environment interactions; Rover and sitter foraging behavior in fruit flies; 4.4 Genomic approaches correlate gene expression with behavioral phenotypes; Scouting behavior in bees; Genomics and alternative mating tactics in fish; 4.5 Genes can limit behavioral flexibility; Bold and shy personalities in streamside salamanders; Aggressive personalities in funnel-web spiders; Animal personalities model with fitness trade-offs; Environmental effects on jumping spider personalities; Chapter Summary and Beyond; Chapter Review; Critical Thinking and Discussion; Features; Scientific Process 4.1 Environmental effects on zebrafish aggression; Scientific Process 4.2 Heritability of great tit exploratory behavior; Scientific Process 4.3 Salamander personalities; Applying the Concepts 4.1 Dog behavior heritability; Toolbox 4.1 Molecular techniques; Quantitative Reasoning 4.1 Female body size and sexual cannibalism; Chapter 5. Sensory Systems and Behavior ; 5.1 Animals acquire environmental information from their sensory systems; 5.2 Chemosensory systems detect chemicals that are perceived as tastes and odors; Sweet and umami taste perception in rodents; Cuttlefish physiological response to odors; 5.3 Photoreception allows animals to detect light and perceive objects as images; Color vision in monarch butterflies; Ultraviolet plumage reflectance in birds; Infrared detection in snakes; 5.4 Mechanoreceptors detect vibrations that travel through air, water, or substrates; Ultrasonic song detection in moths; Long-distance communication in elephants; Catfish track the wake of their prey; Substrate-borne vibrations; Antlions detect substrate-borne vibrations; 5.5 Some animals can detect electric or magnetic fields; Electroreception; Sharks detect electric fields; Magnetoreception; 5.6 Predator and prey sensory systems co-evolve; Insect tympanal organs: an evolved antipredator adaptation; Predator-prey sensory system co-evolution in bats and moths; Chapter Summary and Beyond; Chapter Review; Critical Thinking and Discussion; Features; Scientific Process 5.1 Antlion mechanoreception; Applying the Concepts 5.1 How do mosquitoes find their victims?; Quantitative Reasoning 5.1 Hummingbird hawkmoths and sugar preference; Chapter 6. Communication ; 6.1 Communication occurs when a specialized signal from one individual influences the behavior of another; Honeybees and the waggle dance; Odor or the waggle dance in bees; Auditory signals: alarm calls; Titmouse alarm calls; Information or influence?; 6.2 The environment influences the evolution of signals; Temperature affects ant chemical signals; Habitat light environment affects fish visual signals; Habitat structure affects bowerbird auditory signals; 6.3 Signals often accurately indicate signaler phenotype and environmental conditions; Signals as accurate indicators: theory; Aposematic coloration in frogs; Courtship signaling in spiders; Aggressive display and male condition in fighting fish; 6.4 Signals can be inaccurate indicators when the fitness interests of signaler and receiver differ; Batesian mimicry and Enstaina salamanders; Aggressive mimicry in fangblenny fish; Intraspecific deception: false alarm calls; Topi antelope false alarm calls; Capuchin monkeys and inaccurate signals; 6.5 Communication can involve extended phenotype signals; Bowerbirds construct and decorate bowers; Sticklebacks decorate their nests; 6.6 Communication networks affect signaler and receiver behavior; Squirrel eavesdropping; Audience effects in fighting fish; Chapter Summary and Beyond; Chapter Review; Critical Thinking and Discussion; Features; Scientific Process 6.1 Signaling in male wolf spiders; Scientific Process 6.2 Fighting fish opercular display; Applying the Concepts 6.1 Pheromones and pest control; Applying the Concepts 6.2 Urban sounds affect signal production; Applying the Concepts 6.3 Human luxury brands as costly signals; Quantitative Reasoning 6.1 Sand hoods as extended phenotype signals; Chapter 7. Learning, Neuroethology, and Cognition ; 7.1 Learning allows animals to adapt to their environment; Improved foraging efficiency in salamanders; Evolution of learning; Fiddler crab habituation; 7.2 Learning is associated with neurological changes; Neurotransmitters and learning in chicks; Dendritic spines and learning in mice; Avian memory of stored food; 7.3 Animals learn associations between stimuli and responses; Classical conditioning; Pavlovian conditioning for mating opportunities in Japanese quail; Fish learn novel predators; Operant conditioning; Learning curves in macaques; Trial-and-error learning in bees; 7.4 Social interactions facilitate learning; Learned anti-predator behaviors in prairie dogs; Learning about food patches; Social information use in sticklebacks; Teaching; Ptarmigan hens teach chicks their diet; Tandem running in ants; 7.5 Social learning can lead to the development of animal traditions and culture; Foraging behavioral traditions in great tits; 7.6 Animals vary in their cognitive abilities; Tool use in capuchin monkeys; Problem solving and insight learning; Insight learning in keas; Numerical competency in New Zealand robins; Cognition and brain architecture in birds; Brain size and cognition in guppies; Cognitive performance and fitness in bowerbirds; Chapter Summary and Beyond; Chapter Review; Critical Thinking and Discussion; Features; Scientific Process 7.1 Brain structure and food hoarding; Scientific Process 7.2 Fish learn predators; Applying the Concepts 7.1 Operation Migration and imprinting; Applying the Concepts 7.2 Dog training; Applying the Concepts 7.3 Human social learning about dangerous animals; Quantitative Reasoning 7.1 Aggressiveness and learning ability; Chapter 8. Foraging Behavior ; 8.1 Animals find food using a variety of sensory modalities; Bees use multiple senses to enhance foraging efficiency; Gray mouse lemurs use multiple senses to find food; 8.2 Visual predators find cryptic prey more effectively by learning a search image; Trout and search images; 8.3 The optimal diet model predicts the food types an animal should include in its diet; The diet model; A graphical solution; Diet choice in northwestern crows; Ant foraging and the effect of nutrients; 8.4 The optimal patch-use model predicts how long a forager should exploit a food patch; The optimal patch-use model; Patch use by ruddy ducks; Optimal patch model with multiple costs; Fruit bats foraging on heterogeneous patches; Kangaroo rat foraging with variable predation costs; Incomplete information and food patch estimation; Bayesian foraging bumblebees; 8.5 Some animals obtain food from the discoveries of others; Spice finch producer-scrounger game; Chapter Summary and Beyond; Chapter Review; Critical Thinking and Discussion; Features; Scientific Process 8.1 Prey detection by gray mouse lemurs; Scientific Process 8.2 Cryptic prey reduces predator efficiency; Scientific Process 8.3 Patch use by fruit bats; Applying the Concepts 8.1 Human patch-leaving decisions; Applying the Concepts 8.2 GUDs and conservation; Toolbox 8.1 Mathematical solution to the optimal diet model; Quantitative Reasoning 8.1 Foraging in different habitats; Chapter 9. Antipredator Behavior ; 9.1 Animals reduce predation risk by avoiding detection; Predator avoidance by cryptic coloration in crabs; Predators and reduced activity in lizards; Prey take evasive or aggressive action when detected; Startle display in butterflies; 9.2 Many behaviors represent adaptive trade-offs involving predation risk; Increased vigilance decreases feeding time; Vigilance and predation risk in elk; Rich but risky; Environmental conditions and predation risk in foraging redshanks; Mating and refuge use in fiddler crabs; Perceived predation risk affects reproductive behavior in sparrows; 9.3 Living in groups can reduce predation risk; The dilution effect and killifish; The selfish herd and vigilance behavior; Group size effect and the selfish herd hypothesis in doves; 9.4 Some animals interact with predators to deter attack; Predator harassment in ground squirrels; Pursuit deterrence and alarm signal hypotheses; Tail-flagging behavior in deer; Chapter Summary and Beyond; Chapter Review; Critical Thinking and Discussion; Features; Scientific Process 9.1 Feeding trade-off in redshanks; Scientific Process 9.2 Predator harassment by California ground squirrels; Applying the Concepts 9.1 Human fear of predators; Applying the Concepts 9.2 Mitigating crop damage by manipulating predation risk; Quantitative Reasoning 9.1 Anti-predator vigilance in yellow-bellied marmots; Chapter 10. Dispersal and Migration ; 10.1 Dispersal reduces resource competition and inbreeding; Density-dependent dispersal in earthworms; Food-related dispersal in water boatmen; Inbreeding avoidance in great tits; 10.2 Reproductive success and public information affect breeding dispersal behavior; Reproductive success and breeding dispersal in dragonflies; Public information and breeding dispersal in kittiwakes; 10.3 Individuals migrate in response to changes in the environment; Migration and changing resources; Resource variation and migration in neotropical birds; Heritability of migration behavior in Eurasian blackcaps; A model of the evolution of migration; Competition and migratory behavior of newts; Maintenance of polymorphism in migratory behavior; Alternative migratory behaviors in dippers; 10.4 Environmental cues and compass systems are used for orientation when migrating; Compass systems; Antennae and the sun compass system in monarchs; The magnetic compass in sea turtles; Multimodal orientation; 10.5 Bicoordinate navigation allows individuals to identify their location relative to a goal; Bicoordinate navigation and magnetic maps in sea turtles; Bicoordinate navigation in birds; Homing migration in salmon; Chapter Summary and Beyond; Chapter Review; Critical Thinking and Discussion; Features; Scientific Process 10.1 Breeding dispersal in dragonflies; Scientific Process 10.2 The role of the antennae in the monarch butterfly sun compass; Applying the Concepts 10.1 Bird migration and global climate change; Applying the Concepts 10.2 Citizen scientists track fall migration flyways of monarch butterflies; Applying the Concepts 10.3 Human magnetic orientation; Toolbox 10.1 Emlen funnels; Quantitative Reasoning 10.1 Dispersing cane toads; Chapter 11. Habitat Selection, Territoriality, and Aggression ; 11.1 Resource availability and the presence of others can influence habitat selection; The ideal free distribution model; The ideal free distribution model and guppies; The ideal free distribution model and pike; Cuckoos assess habitat quality; Conspecific attraction; Conspecific attraction and Allee effects in grasshoppers; Conspecific cueing in American redstarts; 11.2 Individual condition and environmental factors affect territoriality; Body condition and territoriality in damselflies; Environmental factors and territory size in parrotfish; 11.3 Hormones influence aggression; Winner-challenge effect in the California mouse; Challenge hypothesis and bystanders in fish; Juvenile hormone and wasp aggression; 11.4 Game theory models explain how the decisions of opponents and resource value affect fighting behavior; The hawk-dove model; Wrestling behavior in red-spotted newts; Game theory assessment models; Fiddler crab contests over burrows; Chapter Summary and Beyond; Chapter Review; Critical Thinking and Discussion; Features; Scientific Process 11.1 Ideal free guppies; Scientific Process 11.2 Conspecific attraction in grasshoppers; Applying the Concepts 11.1 Conspecific attraction and conservation; Applying the Concepts 11.2 Human aggression, testosterone, and sports; Applying the Concepts 11.3 Reducing duration and intensity of piglet fights; Toolbox 11.1 The hawk-dove model; Quantitative Reasoning 11.1 Trout territoriality; Chapter 12. Mating Behavior ; 12.1 Sexual selection favors characteristics that enhance reproductive success; Why two sexes?; Bateman’s hypothesis and parental investment; Weapon size and mating success in dung beetles; Ornaments and mate choice in peafowl; Male mate choice in pipefish; The sensory bias hypothesis in guppies; 12.2 Females select males to obtain direct material benefits; Female choice and nuptial gifts in butterflies; Female choice and territory quality in lizards; 12.3 Female mate choice can evolve via indirect benefits to offspring; Fisherian runaway and good genes; Mate choice for good genes in tree frogs; Good genes and the Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis; Mate choice fitness benefits in spiders; 12.4 Sexual selection can also occur after mating; Mate guarding in warblers; Sperm competition in tree swallows; Cryptic female choice; Inbreeding avoidance via cryptic female choice in spiders; 12.5 Mate choice by females favors alternative reproductive tactics in males; The evolution of alternative reproductive tactics; Conditional satellite males in tree frogs; ESS and sunfish sneaker males; 12.6 Mate choice is affected by the mating decisions of others; Mate copying in guppies; Mate copying in fruit flies; The benefit of mate copying; Nonindependent mate choice by male mosquitofish; Chapter Summary and Beyond; Chapter Review; Critical Thinking and Discussion; Features; Scientific Process 12.1 Male mate choice in pipefish; Scientific Process 12.2 Mate copying in fruit flies; Applying the Concepts 12.1 Mate choice in conservation breeding programs; Applying the Concepts 12.2 Human mate choice copying; Quantitative Reasoning 12.1 Sneaking behavior in New Zealand giraffe weevils; Chapter 13. Mating Systems ; 13.1 Sexual conflict and environmental conditions affect the evolution of mating systems; The evolution of mating systems; Mating systems in reed warblers; 13.2 Biparental care favors the evolution of monogamy; California mouse monogamy; Monogamy and biparental care in poison frogs; Monogamy without biparental care in snapping shrimp; 13.3 Polygyny and polyandry evolve when one sex can defend multiple mates or the resources they seek; Female defense polygyny in horses; Resource defense polygyny in blackbirds; Resource defense polygyny in carrion beetles; Male dominance polygyny: the evolution of leks-hotspots or hotshots?; Lekking behavior in the great snipe; Peafowl leks; Polyandry and sex-role reversal; 13.4 The presence of social associations distinguishes polygynandry from promiscuity; Polygynandry in European badgers; Promiscuity and scramble competition in seaweed flies and red squirrels; 13.5 Social and genetic mating systems differ when extra-pair mating occurs; Extra-pair mating in juncos; Marmot extra-pair mating; Chapter Summary and Beyond; Chapter Review; Critical Thinking and Discussion; Features; Scientific Process 13.1 Biparental care and monogamy in poison frogs; Scientific Process 13.2 Monogamy in snapping shrimp; Applying the Concepts 13.1 Mating systems and conservation translocation programs; Applying the Concepts 13.2 Human mating systems; Toolbox 13.1 DNA fingerprinting; Quantitative Reasoning 13.1 Mating success of male red-backed fairy-wrens; Chapter 14. Parental Care ; 14.1 Parental care varies among species and reflects life history trade-offs; Life history variation in fish; 14.2 Sexual conflict is the basis for sex-biased parental care; Female-biased parental care; Paternity uncertainty and parental care in boobies; The evolution of male-only care; Paternity uncertainty and male-only care in sunfish; Paternity as

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