Contents; Part One; Principles of Research; 1 What Is Social Research? ; A Particular Way of Knowing?; Overview; Introduction: Why Study Research Methods?; Knowledge Creation; Theory Building and Testing; Perceptions, Values, and Practicalities; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; 2 What Principles and Standards Guide Research? ; Research Ethics ?; Overview; Introduction: Why Are Research Ethics Important?; The History of Research Ethics; Institutional Oversight and Research Ethics; Key Ethical Principles in Research; Ethics as a Question of Power and Social Justice; Considering Ethics in Research; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; Part Two; Concepts and Cases; 3 How Do Researchers Identify and Evaluate Social Concepts?; Measurement; Overview; Introduction: What Is Measurement?; Identifying and Measuring Concepts; Conceptualization and Operationalization; Measurement in Quantitative Research; Reliability and Validity; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; 4 How Do Researchers Select the People, Places, and Things to Study? ; Sampling?; Overview; Introduction: Why do Researchers Do Sampling?; Sampling in the Research Process; Generalizability and Representativeness; Probability Sampling; Types of Probability Sampling; Non-Probability Sampling; Types of Non-Probability Sampling; Sampling Error; Considerations during the Sampling Process; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; Part Three; Modes and Practices of Inquiry; 5 How Can Researchers Understand Meaning, Process, and Experience in the Social World?; Qualitative Research? ; Overview; Introduction: How Qualitative Research Favors Depth over Breadth; The Emergence of Qualitative Approaches; Defining Qualitative Research; The Main Goals of Qualitative Researchers; The Main Steps in Qualitative Research; The Distinct Perspective of Qualitative Research; Considering Qualitative Approaches; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; 6 How Can Researchers Enumerate and Examine Broad Patterns to Social Life? ; Quantitative Research; Overview; Introduction: How Quantitative Research Examines Broad Trends and Patterns; The Emergence of Quantitative Approaches; The Main Goals of Quantitative Researchers; The Main Steps in Quantitative Research; The Distinct Perspective of Quantitative Research; Some Contrasts between Qualitative and Quantitative Research; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; 7 Where Do Principles and Practice Meet in Research? ; Study Design?; Overview; Introduction: Choosing a Study Design for Your Research; Experimental Design; Collecting Data at Different Points in Time: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Design; Case Study Design; Modes of Inquiry and Study Design; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; Part Four; Gathering Information; 8 How Do Researchers Study Patterns that Span Populations and Categories of Experience?; Questionnaires and Structured Interviews?; Overview; Introduction: Why Surveys Are Efficient; Different Kinds of Surveys; Writing Survey Questions; Questionnaire Design; Conducting Structured Interviews; Pilot Studies and Pre-Testing Questions; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; 9 How Do Researchers Learn about People’s Perspectives and Lives? ; Qualitative Interviewing; Overview; Introduction: Why the Interview Is the Most Widely Used Qualitative Research Method; Types of Qualitative Interviews: Unstructured and Semi-structured; Preparing for a Qualitative Interview; Conducting Qualitative Interviews; Focus Groups; Online Interviews and Focus Groups; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; 10 How Can Researchers Study the Patterns of People’s Lives? ; Participant Observation and Ethnography; Overview; Introduction: Why Participant Observation and Ethnography Are Not the Same; Why Participant Observation?; Selecting and Navigating a Setting; Balancing Participation and Observation; Field Notes; Innovations in Ethnographic Research; Exiting the Field Well; Comparing Ethnography and Qualitative Interviewing; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; 11 How Do Researchers Study the Ways Meanings Are Communicated in Everyday Life?; Content Analysis; Overview; Introduction: Why Content Analysis Is an Unobtrusive Method of Research; Documents for Study; Choosing Documents to Examine: Sampling; Analyzing Communication Trends and Meanings using Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches; Key Considerations in Content Analysis; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; 12 What Can Researchers Learn from Information Others Collected? ; Existing Data; Overview; Introduction: Research Using Shared Data; Large Surveys as Existing Data; Analysis of Official Statistics; Analysis of Government Documents; Analysis of Oral History Collections; Analysis of Big Data; Considerations When Conducting Secondary Analysis; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; Part Five; Interpreting and Sharing What We’ve Learned ; 13 How Do Researchers Develop Inductive Findings? ; Qualitative Data Analysis; Overview; Introduction: Why Managing Qualitative Information Can Be Challenging; Managing and Organizing Qualitative Data; Approaches to Qualitative Analysis; Other Methods of Qualitative Analysis; The Technology of Analysis; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; 14 How Do Researchers Develop Deductive Findings? ; Quantitative Data Analysis; Overview; Introduction: Why Data Analysis Is the Starting Point for Quantitative Research; Types of Variables; Descriptive and Inferential Statistics; Quantitative Analysis as a Tool for Understanding; Univariate Analysis; Bivariate Analysis; Multivariate Analysis; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; 15 How Do Researchers Record and Share Their Work? ; Writing and Dissemination; Overview; Introduction: How to Get Started; Effective Writing; Disseminating Your Work; Presentations; Issues to Consider when Disseminating Research; And Finally; Key Points; Questions for Review; Portfolio Exercise; Interactive Activities; Online Resources; Glossary; References; Photo Credits; Index $ JHBC $ Social research
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