Life and Time are very closely linked, because life needs the patience of eons to emerge and evolve, and also due to the precision timing of neural networks in the perception of the world, encoding information, and performing actions. A dozen renowned biologists and neuroscientists collaborate in this volume to explore the various facets of timing in the living world. The temporal programming of the activity of the genetic code controls the essential mechanisms of individual development from zygote to adult, while evolution uses the succession of generations to accomplish its work. For its part, the brain accomplishes the miracle of justifying presentism and reconstructing the continuity of present time from the fragmented data accessible to the senses, as well as measuring durations and dating events. To this end, the brain uses a multilevel temporal coding to transport and decode sensory information and prepare motor responses. It is only gradually that we have discovered the temporal precision of the mechanisms involved, of the order of a few milliseconds or less, for the adjustment of neural networks, or the synaptic plasticity used for memory formation. Today, the perfection of natural neural networks, the energy saving use of spikes of electrical impulses to categorize the sensory environment and to guess its probable future is an example to the modelers and engineers of artificial intelligence.Key Features:oProminent scientists and philosophers of science address contemporary debates on the nature of TimeoTheir contributions freely discuss its unity and reality, its compatibility with the orders of classical philosophy (present, past and future) and with the disputed idea of free will (volume 1)oThey also present a detailed and updated state of the role of Time in the so-called exact sciences: biology — or more precisely genetics, evolution, neurosciences, natural and artificial intelligence (volume 2), and physics — relativity, quantum mechanics and quantum gravity, and cosmology (volume 3)oTen leading researchers address key contemporary scientific issues, including: genetic mechanisms in development and evolution; neuroscientific analysis of the memory and consciousness and the timing mechanisms of neuronal networks. Contributions freely discuss its specificity and its relation to the time of physical sciences, its relation with the orders of classical philosophy (present, past and future) and with the various mechanisms of memories that evolution has fitted in the brainoThirteen prominent researchers from psychologists to theoretical physicists and cosmologists examine the fundamental question of how the concept of time fits into a theoretical description of the universe. This has become a hotly-debated question, as theories of quantum gravitation point to timeless theories, consistent with the most popular interpretation of Einsteinian Relativity with its full determinism and block-universe. However, scientists including Lee Smolin, Dean Rickles and Jules Rankin, are convinced that we need time in the more fundamental physical theories, while others like Daniel Oriti, Gilles Cohen-Tannoudji and Jean-Pierre Gazeau explore new ways to give the concept a role in modern cosmology

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