图书简介

Acronyms About the authors Preface Acknowledgments 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Microgrid Concept and Capabilities 3 1.3 Microgrid Structure 5 1.4 Microgrids in the Future Smart Grids 9 1.5 Microgrids-integrated Power Grids 12 1.6 Current Trends and Future Directions 14 1.7 The Book Content and Organization 18 Bibliography 22 2 Microgrids Dynamic Modeling: Concepts and Fundamentals 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Dynamics and Modeling 35 2.3 Fundamental Analysis Tools and Requirements 36 2.3.1 State-space (Small-signal) Modeling 37 2.3.2 Detailed Modeling 49 2.3.3 Simplification Methods 50 2.3.4 Prony Analysis 58 2.3.5 Large-signal Modeling 61 2.4 Small-signal Modeling of Microgrid Components 62 2.4.1 DC-AC Converter (Inverter) 62 2.4.2 AC-DC Converter (Rectifier) 64 2.4.3 DC-DC Converter (Chopper) 65 2.4.4 LC Filter 69 2.4.5 Power Network 69 2.4.6 Loads 74 2.4.7 Energy Resources and Storages 82 2.5 Small-signal Modeling of Microgrid Controllers 102 2.5.1 Primary Control Strategies 102 2.5.2 Secondary Control 114 2.5.3 Higher Control Levels 117 2.6 Large-signal Modeling: An Example 118 2.6.1 Governing Equations on Synchronverter 118 2.6.2 Nonlinear State-space Representation 122 2.7 Summary 123 Bibliography 124 3 Microgrids Overall Modeling and Case Studies 139 3.1 Introduction 139 3.2 Overall Microgrid Dynamic Modeling 141 3.2.1 Common Reference Frame 142 3.2.2 Microgrid General State-space Model 143 3.2.3 Grid Model 144 3.3 Small-signal Modeling of DC and AC Microgrids 145 3.3.1 Grid-Connected PV 145 3.3.2 Grid-connected AC Microgrids 147 3.3.3 Isolated AC Microgrids: Detailed Models 149 3.3.4 Isolated AC Microgrids: Sensitivity Analysis-based Simplified Model 151 3.3.5 Isolated AC Microgrids: Aggregated Single-order Model 158 3.3.6 Islanded DC Microgrid 162 3.4 Large-signal Modeling of Microgrids 167 3.4.1 Model Validation 170 3.4.2 Time-domain Simulations 171 3.5 Summary 172 Bibliography 174 4 Microgrids Stability 181 4.1 Introduction 181 4.2 Stability Definition and Classification 183 4.3 Basic Requirements 188 4.3.1 Eigenvalue Analysis 188 4.3.2 Participation Matrix 189 4.3.3 Sensitivity Analysis 191 4.4 Small-signal Stability Analysis 192 4.4.1 Grid-Connected PV 194 4.4.2 Grid-connected AC Microgrids 203 4.4.3 Islanded AC Microgrids 206 4.4.4 Islanded DC Microgrids 227 4.5 Transient Stability 230 4.5.1 Power Sharing Stability in AC Microgrids 231 4.5.2 Synchronverter Stabilization 235 4.6 Summary 241 Bibliography 245 5 Microgrids Control: Concepts and Fundamentals 255 5.1 Introduction 255 5.2 Fundamentals and Requirements 256 5.2.1 Introduction to Control Systems 256 5.2.2 Control Objectives and Challenges 258 5.2.3 Control Architectures 262 5.3 Control Strategies for Power Converters 266 5.3.1 Introduction 266 5.3.2 Grid-Following Power Converters 269 5.3.3 Grid-Forming Power Converters 275 5.4 Hierarchical Control 278 5.4.1 The Control Hierarchy 278 5.4.2 Control Layers 280 5.5 Primary Control 283 5.5.1 Droop Control 286 5.5.2 Virtual Impedance 303 5.5.3 A Simulation Study for Primary Control of AC Microgrids  305 5.6 Secondary Control 309 5.6.1 Secondary Control Functions and Strategies 310 5.6.2 Centralized Secondary Control 315 5.6.3 Distributed Secondary Control 316 5.6.4 Decentralized Secondary Control 322 5.6.5 A Simulation Study for Secondary Control of AC Microgrids 327 5.7 Central Control 331 5.8 Global Control 333 5.9 Summary 334 Bibliography 335 6 Advances in Microgrid Control 357 6.1 Introduction 357 6.2 Advanced Control Synthesis 359 6.2.1 Advanced Control Techniques 361 6.2.2 Model Predictive Control 365 6.2.3 Model Predictive Control of DC Microgrids with Constant Power Loads 371 6.2.4 Hybrid Fuzzy Predictive Control for Smooth Transition of AC Microgrids 383 6.3 Virtual Dynamic Control 396 6.3.1 Concept and Structure 397 6.3.2 Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) 399 6.3.3 Virtual Dynamic Control of DC Microgrids 405 6.4 Resilient and Cybersecure Control 413 6.4.1 Microgrid as a Cyber-physical System 413 6.4.2 Communication Requirements 415 6.4.3 Cyber Security 417 6.4.4 Event-triggered Control 428 6.5 Summary 438 Bibliography 439 7 Interconnected Microgrids: Opportunities and Challenges 473 7.1 Introduction 473 7.2 An Overview 477 7.3 Architectures of Interconnected Microgrids 480 7.4 Benefits, Challenges and Research Fields 484 7.5 Operation of Interconnected Microgrids 487 7.6 Vacancies for Future Research 489 7.6.1 IMG Dynamic Modeling 489 7.6.2 IMG Stability Analysis 490 7.6.3 IMG Control 491 7.7 Summary 492 Bibliography 492 8 Modeling of Interconnected Microgrids 515 8.1 Introduction 515 8.2 Interconnection Method 517 8.3 Module Modeling 521 8.3.1 Microgrid Modeling 522 8.3.2 Interlinking Line Modeling 533 8.3.3 Back-to-back Converter Modeling 535 8.3.4 Circuit Breaker Modeling 544 8.4 Overall IMG Modeling 545 8.4.1 Comprehensive Modeling of CB-IMGs 545 8.4.2 Comprehensive Modeling of BTBC-IMGs 547 8.5 Model Validation 550 8.5.1 Model Validation Procedure 550 8.5.2 Real-time Simulator 552 8.5.3 Validation of CB-IMG Modeling 554 8.5.4 Validation of BTBC-IMG Modeling 559 8.6 Reduced-order Models 560 8.6.1 Simplified Model Application in CB-IMG Frequency Control 562 8.6.2 Simplified Model of MGs and CB-IMGs 563 8.6.3 Comparing Detailed and Single-order Models 564 8.7 Summary 567 Bibliography 569 9 Stability of Interconnected Microgrids 579 9.1 Introduction 579 9.2 IMG Stability Review 581 9.3 Small-signal Stability Analysis 582 9.3.1 Eigenvalue Analysis of CB-IMGs 583 9.3.2 Frequency Stability of CB-IMGs 585 9.3.3 Eigenvalue Analysis of BTBC-IMGs 588 9.4 Sensitivity Analysis 593 9.4.1 CB-IMGs 593 9.4.2 BTBC-IMGs 594 9.5 Transient Stability of BTBC-IMGs: BTBC DC Voltage 602 9.5.1 Energy-based Transient Stability Analysis 602 9.5.2 Minimum Stabilizing DC Voltage Criterion 604 9.5.3 Grid Strength Impact 609 9.5.4 BTBC Power Flow Direction 610 9.5.5 Time-domain Simulations 611 9.6 Summary 618 Bibliography 620 10 Control of Interconnected Microgrids 625 10.1 Introduction 625 10.2 Overview on IMG Control 628 10.2.1 CB-IMGs 630 10.2.2 BTBC-IMGs 631 10.2.3 DC-IMGs 634 10.3 Frequency Control for CB-IMGs 634 10.3.1 Tuning of Secondary Control Gains 636 10.3.2 Virtual Inertia Control 637 10.4 Power sharing Control for CB-IMGs 640 10.5 Power Exchange Control for BTBC-IMGs 644 10.5.1 Prerequisites of Individual Microgrid Control 644 10.5.2 Interlinking Back-to-back Converter Control 651 10.5.3 Simulation Results for Planned BTBC-IMG Power Exchange 653 10.6 Emergency Control for BTBC-IMGs 661 10.6.1 Logical Control 665 10.6.2 Generalized Droop Control 669 10.6.3 Coordination of BTBC Emergency Controls 672 10.6.4 Real-time Simulation Results 673 10.7 Summary 682 Bibliography 684 11 Synchronization in Interconnected Microgrids 695 11.1 Introduction 695 11.2 Synchronization Control Requirements 697 11.2.1 Basic Control of CB-IMGs 698 11.2.2 Synchronization Control of CB-IMGs 700 11.3 Inrush Power Analysis 702 11.3.1 Modeling of Inrush Power 702 11.3.2 Impact of PCC Voltage Parameters on the Inrush Power 705 11.3.3 Impact of X/R Ratio and Impedance Value on the Inrush Power 706 11.4 Small-signal Modeling and Stability Analysis 709 11.4.1 Small-signal Modeling of IMGs 709 11.4.2 Small-signal Stability Analysis 712 11.5 Transient Stability Assessment 715 11.5.1 Transition During Synchronization 715 11.5.2 Time-domain Simulations 717 11.6 Summary 721 Bibliography 724

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