图书简介
This is an ecology textbook focused on key principles that underpin research and management at the landscape scale. It covers (1) agents of pattern (the physical template, biotic processes, and disturbance regimes); (2) scale and pattern (why scale matters, how to ‘scale’ with data, and inferences using landscape pattern metrics); and (3) implications of pattern (for metapopulations, communities and biodiversity, and ecosystem processes). The last two chapters address emerging issues: urban landscapes, and adapting to climate change. This book stems from two graduate-level courses in Landscape Ecology taught at the Nicholas School of the Environment at Duke University. The subject has evolved over time, from a concepts-based overview of what landscape ecology is, to a more applied practicum on how one does landscape ecology. As landscape ecology has matured as a discipline, its perspectives on spatial heterogeneity and scale have begun to permeate into a wide range of other fields including conservation biology, ecosystem management, and ecological restoration. Thus, this textbook will bring students from diverse backgrounds to a common level of understanding and will prepare them with the practical knowledge for a career in conservation and ecosystem management.
The Physical Template of Landscapes .- 1.1. Introduction .- 1.2. Gradient Analysis .- 1.2.1. Gradient Complexes .- 1.3. The Water Balance .- 1.3.1. A Simple Model: PET = AET Deficit .- 1.4. Estimating Elements of the Template .- 1.4.1. Temperature .- 1.4.2. Radiation .- 1.4.3. Precipitation .- 1.4.4. Soils .- 1.5. Case Study: the Sierra Nevada .- 1.5.1. The Physical Template of the Sierra Nevada .- 1.6. Summary and Conclusions .- References .- Biotic Processes as Agents of Pattern .- 2.1. Introduction .- 2.2. The “Pattern and Process” Paradigm .- 2.3. Coupling of Demographic Processes .- 2.4. Interaction with the Physical Template .- 2.4.1. Coupling Demography and the Physical Template .- 2.4.2. Competition along Environmental Gradients .- 2.4.3. Illustration: Gradient Response in the Sierra Nevada .- 2.4.4. The Unit Pattern Revisited .- 2.5. Dispersal as an Agent of Pattern .- 2.6. Animals, Pests, and Pathogens .- 2.6.1. Animals, Pests and Pathogens as Subtle Agents .- 2.6.2. Animals as Dramatic Agents .- 2.7. Summary and Conclusions .- References .- Disturbances and Disturbance Regimes .- 3.1. Introduction .- 3.1.1 Context and Definitions .- 3.2. Perspectives and Lessons .- 3.2.1. Are Disturbances “Part of the System”? .- 3.2.2. Interactions, Synergies, and Indirect Effects .- 3.2.3. Disturbances and Positive Feedbacks .- 3.2.4. Overlapping Disturbances and Legacies .- 3.2.5. Heterogeneity in Disturbance and Response .- 3.3. Disaggregating Disturbance toward Generality. 3.3.1 A Not-too-General Model.- 3.3.2. The Fire Regime in the Sierra Nevada .- 3.4. Characteristic Dynamics .- 3.5. Humans and Disturbance Regimes .- 3.5.1. Human Impacts on Natural Disturbances - 3.5.2. Novel Disturbance Regimes .- 3.5.3 Human Perception and Landscape Change .- 3.6. Agents of Pattern: Reprise .- 3.7. Summary and Conclusions .- References 78.- 4. Scale and Scaling - 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. The Importance of Scale in Ecology.- 4.2.1. Observational Scale as a Filter on Nature.- 4.2.2. Characteristic Scaling.- 4.2.3. Sampling Grain and Extent, and Statistical Behavior .- 4.3. Scaling Techniques .- 4.3.1. Scaling Techniques for Geostatistical Data.- 4.3.2. Illustration: Scaling of the Sierran Physical Template.- 4.4. Tactical Scaling.- 4.4.1. Tactical Targeting of Sampling Scale(s) .- 4.4.2. Avoid or Embrace Space? .- 4.5. Summary and Conclusions .- References .- 5. Inferences on Landscape Pattern.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Patchiness and Patches .- 5.2.1. Patch Definition .- 5.3. Landscape Pattern Metrics .- 5.3.1. Levels of Analysis .- 5.3.2. Components of Pattern .- 5.3.2 Correlation and Redundancy .- 5.3.4. Alternative Framings for Landscape Pattern .- 5.4. Interpreting Landscape Metrics .- 5.4.1. Neutral Models and Neutral Landscapes .- 5.4.2. Neutral Templates for Landscape Processes .- 5.4.3. Extending Neutral Models: Agents of Pattern.- 5.5. Explanatory Models and Inferences .- 5.5.1. Approaches to Inferences on Pattern.- 5.5.2. Illustrations .- 5.5. Explanatory Models and Inferences .-
.- 5.5.1. Approaches to Inferences on Pattern .- 5.5.2. Illustrations .- 5.5.3. Inferences on Pattern: Area versus Configuration.- 5.5.4 Inferences on Pattern: the State-of-the-Art.- 5.6. Summary and Conclusions. References .- Implications of Pattern: Metapopulations .- 6.1. Introduction.- 6.2. Metapopulations in Theory .- 6.2.1. The Levins Model.- 6.2.2. The Spreading-of-Risk Model .- 6.2.3. The Source-Sink Model.- 6.2.4. The Incidence Function Model .- 6.2.5. Commonalities among
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