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Note on Sources and Abbreviations ; General Introduction ; 1. The debate continues; 2. It is not just about Kant: reconceptualizing his relation to racism; 3. Is there really a contradiction?; 4. Locating Kant’s racial views in his system; 5. Kant’s philosophy and antiracism; 6. About the title and plan of this book; Part I Reframe the Discourse; Chapter 1 Whence Comes the Contradiction? -Reconsider the Place of Race in Kant’s System; 1. Introduction; 2. Arguing from an assumed contradiction: a literature review; 3. Racism and Kant’s moral universalism: a noncontradictory pairing; 4. From what nature makes of man to what man can make of himself: raciology in Kant’s system; 4.1. Physical geography as the original home of racialism; 4.2. Racist upshot in pragmatic anthropology; 5. Three levels of discourse: pure morals, anthropology, and geography; 6. Conclusion; Chapter 2 Racism in What Sense?-Reconceptualize Kant’s Relation to Racism; 1. Introduction; 2. Characterizations of Kant’s racism: a preliminary overview; 3. Which racism?-in search of a better way to conceptualize Kant’s relation to racism; 3.1. How interpreters of Kant have conceptualized racism; 3.2. How some race theorists have analyzed ’racism’; 4. Kant and the racist-ideological formation; 5. Conclusion; Part II Seeing Race; Chapter 3 Investigating Nature under the Guidance of Reason-Kant’s Approach to Race as a Naturforscher; 1. Introduction; 2. Race from the standpoint of a Naturforscher: a sketch of Kant’s view; 3. Commitments of a Naturforscher: some telling clues in Kant’s early works; 4. A theory of hypothesis for the Kantian Naturforscher; 5. Interlude: Kant’s methodological turn after his first essay on race; 6. The influence of reason on the investigation of nature: unity and teleology; 6.1. Systematic unity and regulative principles of reason in the first Critique; 6.2. Kant on the use of teleological principles in the 1788 essay on race; 7. A teleological-mechanical mode of explanation: how the third Critique solidifies Kant’s race theory; 8. Conclusion; Chapter 4 From Baconian Natural History to Kant’s Racialization of Human Differences-A Study of Philosophizing from Locations of Power; 1. Introduction; 2. Francis Bacon, the Royal Society, and a global data production; 2.1. Bacon and the program of natural history; 2.2. Boyle and a scientific attention to skin color; 3. The beginning of a paradigm shift: Linnaeus’s Systema Naturae and human varieties; 4. Buffon: scientific monogenesis, degeneration, and the problem of slavery; 4.1. Buffon on natural history, with a critique of the Linnaean taxonomy; 4.2. Mapping human varieties, with passing remarks on slavery; 4.3. Climate, moule interieur, and degeneration: Buffon’s scientific monogenism; 4.4. Degeneration and human perfectibility: an entanglement of theory and practice; 5. Going beyond Buffon: Kant on race, monogenesis, and slavery; 5.1. Kant’s Naturgeschichte and a new model of monogenesis; 5.2. Kantian monogenism, human progress, and racial slavery; 6. Conclusion; Part III A Worldview Transformed by Race; Chapter 5 What is Seen Cannot Be Unseen-What Kant Can(not) Tell Us about Racial (Self-)Perceptions; 1. Introduction; 2. From race concepts to racial ideology; 3. Kant on abstraction, or why it is so hard to unsee race; 4. Kleist: Kant crisis and the tragic trap of racialization; 5. William der Neger: the double consciousness of a Negro; 6. Conclusion; Chapter 6 Race and the Claim to True Philosophy-Kant and the Formation of a Exclusionary History of Philosophy; 1. Introduction; 2. Eclecticism, system making, and critique: competing ways of philosophizing; 2.1. Eclecticism versus dogmatic systematization: an eighteenth-century debate; 2.2. Kant on the eye of true philosophy: systematicity with a worldly orientation; 3. Beholding the history of philosophy with a true philosophical eye; 3.1. The Kantian rational history of philosophy; 3.2. From Brucker’s historia to Kant’s Geschichte of philosophy; 4. Kant on the origin of true philosophy: toward a racially exclusionary history of philosophy; 5. Conclusion; A Forward-Looking Conclusion ; 1. Kant as a scholar and as an educator: how I have interpreted his relation to racism; 2. How we move forward with Kant’s philosophy: some programmatic ideas; 2.1. Normative reorientation and standpoint awareness: the work of a liberal Kantian scholar; 2.2. Students as situated meaning makers: the work of a liberal Kantian educator; Acknowledgements; Bibliography ; Index

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