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Preface xv; Chapter 1; Diversity, Classification, and Evolution of Vertebrates; 1.1 The Vertebrate Story; --Binominal nomenclature; --Extant vertebrate groups; 1.2 Phylogenetic Systematics; 1.3 Applying Phylogenetic Criteria; --Evaluating possible phylogenies; --Molecules and morphology; --The problem of dating; --Dagger (DR) convention adopted in this book; 1.4 Using Phylogenetic Trees; --Extant phylogenetic brackets; --Paraphyly; --Crown and stem groups; 1.5 Genetic Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change; --Phenotypes and fitness; --Developmental regulatory genes; 1.6 Epigenetic Effects; 1.7 Earth History and Vertebrate Evolution; Chapter 2; What Is a Vertebrate??; 2.1 Vertebrates in Relation to Other Animals?; 2.2 Characteristics of Chordates?; --Chordate origins and evolution?; --Extant nonvertebrate chordates?; 2.3 What Distinguishes a Vertebrate??; 2.4 Vertebrate Embryonic Development?; --Development of the body?; --Development of the pharyngeal region?; --Development of the brain?; --Other neurogenic tissues of vertebrates?; 2.5 Vertebrate Tissues?; --Adult tissue types; --Mineralized tissues; 2.6 Vertebrate Organ Systems; --Integumentary system; --Skeletal system; --Muscular system; --Nervous system and sense organs; --Endocrine system; --Respiratory system; --Circulatory system; --Digestive system; --Excretory and reproductive systems; Chapter 3; Jawless Vertebrates and the Origin of Gnathostomes; 3.1 Earliest Evidence of Vertebrates; --Enigmas: DRConodonts and DRTullimonstrum; ---Early mineralized tissues; --Environment of early vertebrate evolution; 3.2 Cyclostomes: Extant Jawless Vertebrate; --Characters of cyclostomes; --Hagfishes: Myxiniformes; --Lampreys: Petromyzontiformes; 3.3 Jawless Osteognathostomes; 3.4 Gnathostome Body Plan; --Gnathostome skeletons; --What about soft anatomical features?; 3.5 Origin of Jaws; --Hypotheses of jaw origins; --Importance of the nose; --Selective value of jaws; 3.6 Origin of Paired Appendages; --Fin development and the lateral somitic frontier; --Advantages of fins; 3.7 Extinct Paleozoic Jawed Fishes; Chapter 4; Living in Water; 4.1 Aquatic Environment; --Obtaining oxygen from water using gill; --Obtaining oxygen from air using lungs and other respiratory structure; --Adjusting buoyancy; 4.2 Sensory World of Aquatic Vertebrates; --Vision; --Chemosensation: Olfaction and taste; --Detecting water displacement; --Hearing and equilibrium; --Electroreception and electrogenesis; 4.3 Maintaining an Internal Environment; --Nitrogenous wastes and kidney; --Osmoregulation; --Regulation of ions and body fluids; 4.4 Osmoregulation in Different Environments; --Marine cartilaginous fishes and coelacanths; --Marine teleosts; --Freshwater teleosts and lissamphibians; --Euryhaline vertebrates; Chapter 5; Geography and Ecology of the Paleozoic; 5.1 Deep Time; --The Precambrian world; --The Paleozoic; 5.2 Continental Geography; --Continental drift and plate tectonics; --Shifting continents of the Paleozoic; --Shifting continents and changing climates; 5.3 Paleozoic Climates; 5.4 Paleozoic Ecosystems; --Aquatic life; --Terrestrial flora; --Terrestrial fauna; 5.5 Extinctions; Chapter 6; Origin and Radiation of Chondrichthyans; 6.1 Acanthodii; 6.2 Chondrichthyes; --Habitats and diversity; --Placoid scales; --Cartilaginous skeleton; --Teeth and tooth plates; --Jaws and jaw suspension; --Internal fertilization and claspers; --Distinctive soft tissue and physiological features; 6.3 Euchondrocephali and Chimaeriformes; --Biology of extant Chimaeriformes; 6.4 Elasmobranchii, Euselachii, and Neoselachii; --Selachii: Sharks; --Batomorphi: Skates and rays; 6.5 Biology of Neoselachii; --Feeding; --Bioluminescence and biofluorescence; ---Hypoxia and the epaulette shark; --Endothermal heterothermy; --Swimming; --Reproduction; --Elasmobranch brains; --Social networks and migration in sand tiger sharks; 6.6 Declining Elasmobranch Populations; --Conservation and sawfishes; --Threats to chondrichthyans; --Vulnerabilities of chondrichthyans; --Ecological impacts of shark population declines; --Policies to protect sharks; Chapter 7; Origin of Osteichthyes and Radiation of Actinopterygian; 7.1 Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii, and Sarcopterygi; --Osteichthyan character; --Fin adaptations; --Other differences between actinopterygians and sarcopterygians; 7.2 Actinopterygii: Basal Group; --Polypteriformes; --Acipenseriformes; --Neopterygii: Holostei; --Neopterygii: Teleoste; 7.3 Characters of Teleostei; 7.4 Teleostei: Basal Groups; --Elopomorpha; --Osteoglossomorpha; --Otocephala; --Basal euteleosts; 7.5 Teleostei: Acanthopterygii; --Basal acanthopterygians; --Percomorph; 7.6 Swimming and Hydrodynamics; --Generating forward thrust; --Modes of locomotion; --Speed and drag; --Steering, stopping, and staying in place; 7.7 Reproduction and Development; --Oviparity; --Viviparity; --Sex change in teleosts; 7.8 Ecology of Marine Teleosts; --Black-water diving and larval teleosts; --The photic zone and its subdivisions; --Coral reef fishes; --Pelagic and deep-sea fishes; Chapter 8; Sarcopterygians and the Origin of Tetrapods; 8.1 Phylogenetic Concepts of Tetrapoda and Characters for Sarcopterygii; 8.2 The Miguasha Lagerstatte and the Good Fossil Effect; 8.3 Actinistia; --DROnychodontia; --Coelacanthiformes; 8.4 Dipnomorpha; --DRPorolepiformes; --Dipnoi; ?; 8.5 Tetrapodomorpha; --Basal tetrapodomorphs; --Tetrapods; 8.6 Moving onto Land; --How did fins become limbs?; --Body support and locomotion of early tetrapods; 8.7 Paleoecology of Devonian Tetrapodomorphs; Chapter 9; Origins of Lissamphibia and Amniota; 9.1 Paleozoic Tetrapods and the Origins of Extant Groups; --Temnospondyli; --Origins of Lissamphibia; --Reptiliomorpha and the origin of amniotes; --Paleozoic diversification of amniotes; 9.2 Characters of Amniotes; --Skeletal characters; --The amniotic egg; --Other soft-tissue characters of amniotes; 9.3 Diversification of Amniotes; --Temporal fenestration: Synapsids and diapsid; --Ankle evolution in amniote; Chapter 10; Geography and Ecology of the Mesozoic; 10.1 Continental Geography and Climates; --Continental movements; --Climate shifts; 10.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems; --Flora; --Fauna; 10.3 Marine Ecosystems; --Faunal composition: Apex predators; --Other clades; 10.4 Extinctions; --Triassic and Jurassic extinctions; --Cretaceous extinctions; Chapter 11; Living on Land; 11.1 Support on Land; --Axial skeleton; --Axial muscle; --Appendicular skeleton; --Size and scaling; 11.2 Locomotion; 11.3 Eating; 11.4 Breathing Air; 11.5 Pumping Blood Uphill; 11.6 Sensory Systems; --Vision; --Hearing and equilibrium; --Olfaction; 11.7 Conserving Water in a Dry Environment; --Cutaneous water loss; --Respiratory water loss; --Excretory water loss; Chapter 12; Lissamphibians; 12.1 Diversity of Lissamphibians; --Synapomorphies of Lissamphibia; --Salamanders; --Anurans; --Caecilians; 12.2 Life Histories of Lissamphibians; --Mating and reproduction in salamanders; --Anuran mating and reproduction; --Anuran metamorphosis; --The ecology of tadpoles; --Caecilian reproduction and development; 12.3 Respiration and Circulation; --Cutaneous respiration and blood flow; --Blood flow in larvae and adults; 12.4 Water Relations; --Uptake and storage of water; --Cutaneous water loss; --Behavioral control of cutaneous water loss; 12.5 Crypsis, Warning Colors, Toxins, and Venoms; --Skin glands and toxins; --Toxicity and diet; --Venomous lissamphibians; 12.6 Why Are Lissamphibians Vanishing?; --Chytrid fungi; --Synergisms and domino effects; Chapter 13; Synapsids and Sauropsids: Two Ways of Living on the Land; 13.1 Conflicts between Locomotion and Respiration; 13.2 Lungs and Lung Ventilation: Supplying Oxygen to the Blood; --Synapsid lungs; --Sauropsid lungs; 13.3 Circulatory Systems: Supplying Oxygen to Tissues; --Systemic arches of mammals and birds; --Hearts with a ventricular septum: Mammals and birds; --Hearts without a ventricular septum: Turtles and lepidosaurs; --Shunting blood when the heart has a ventricular septum: Crocodylians; 13.4 Getting Rid of Wastes: The Kidneys; --Nitrogenous waste products; --Nitrogen excretion by synapsids: The mammalian kidney; --Nitrogen excretion by sauropsids: Renal and extrarenal routes; Chapter 14; Ectothermy and Endothermy: Two Ways of Regulating Body Temperature; 14.1 Why Regulate Body Temperature?; 14.2 Ectothermal Thermoregulation; --Energy exchange and mechanisms of ectothermy; --Thermal ecology of ectotherms; 14.3 Endothermal Thermoregulation; --Mechanisms of endothermal thermoregulation?; 14.4 Pure Ectothermy and Pure Endothermy Lie at the Extremes of a Continuum; --Endothermal ectotherms; --Heterothermal endotherms: Torpor and hibernation; --Heterothermal endotherms: Hyperthermia and life in the desert; 14.5 Evolution of Endothermy; --How did endothermy evolve?; --Evaluating the models; --Many factors; 14.6 Thermoregulation, Energy Use, and Body Size; --Energy requirements; --Body size; --Gigantothermy and the body temperatures of dinosaurs; 14.7 Ectotherms, Endotherms, and Ecosystems; Chapter 15; Lepidosaurs; 15.1 Characters and Diversity of Lepidosaurs; --Rhynchocephalians and the biology of tuatara; --Squamata: Lizards; --Squamata: Serpentes; 15.2 Foraging Modes; 15.3 Skull Kinesis and Feeding; --Feeding specializations of snakes; --Venom and fangs; --Hearts and stomachs; 15.4 Predator Avoidance and Defense; --Crypsis, aposematism, and mimicry; --Deterrence; --Autotomy; --Venom and poisons as defense mechanisms; 15.5 Social Behavior; --Courtship and territoriality; --Sociality and parental care; 15.6 Reproductive Modes; --Oviparity and viviparity; --Parthenogenesis; --Sex determination; 15.7 Climate Change; Chapter 16; Turtles; 16.1 Form and Function; --Shell and skeleton; --Head retraction; --Lung ventilation; --Evolution of the turtle body plan; 16.2 Diversity; 16.3 Social Behavior, Communication, and Courtship; 16.4 Reproduction; --Environmental sex determination; --Parental care; --Hatching and the behavior of baby turtles; 16.5 Navigation and Migration; --Navigation by adult sea turtles; --Navigation by hatchling and juvenile sea turtles; 16.6 Turtles in Trouble; --Life history; --Turtles are both delicious and considered medicinal; --Turtles are in demand as pets; --Sea turtles face extra risks; Chapter 17; Crocodylians; 17.1 Diversity of Extant Crocodylians; --Distribution of extant crocodylians; --Locomotion; 17.2 The Crocodylomorph Lineage; --DRNotosuchia; --Neosuchia; --Neosuchia; 17.3 Predatory Behavior and Diet; 17.4 Communication and Social Behavior; 17.5 Reproduction and Parental Care; --Environmental sex determination; --Parental care; 17.6 Threats to and from Crocodylians; --Threats from crocodylians; --Threats to crocodylians; --Reconciling humans and crocodylians; Chapter 18; Avemetatarsalia and the Origin of Dinosauria; 18.1 Characters and Systematics of Avemetatarsalia; 18.2 DRPterosaurs: Vertebrates Achieve Powered Flight; --Structure of DRpterosaurs; --Reproduction, eggs, and parental care; --Did the evolution of birds doom DRpterosaurs; 18.3 Dinosaurs: One of the Most Successful Tetrapod Radiations; --The structure of dinosaurs; 18.4 DROrnithischia; --DRThyreophora; --DRNeornithischia; --DRMarginocephalia; --DROrnithopoda; --Social behavior of DRornithischian dinosaurs; --Nesting and parental care by DRornithischians; --DRNeornithischia; --DRMarginocephalia; --DROrnithopoda; --Social behavior of DRornithischian dinosaurs; --Nesting and parental care by DRornithischians; 18.5 DRSauropodomorpha; --Social behavior of DRsauropod; --Nesting and parental care by DRsauropodomorphs?; Chapter 19; Theropods and the Origin of Birds; 19.1 Characters and Systematics of Theropods; --Phylogenetic overview of Theropoda; --DRCoelophysoids: Early theropods; --DRCeratosauria; --Tetanurae; --Community ecology of theropods; --Social behavior of theropods; 19.2 DRArchaeopteryx, Mesozoic Avialans, and the Mosaic Evolution of Avian Characters; --Discovery of DRArchaeopteryx; --Cretaceous avialans; --Mosaic evolution of some avialan characters; --Other avian features; --Body size; 19.3 Evolution of Powered Flight; --How-and why-birds got off the ground; --Gliding and flying by other Mesozoic paravians; 19.4 Reproduction and Parental Care by Theropods; --Eggs and nests; --Parental care of hatchlings; Chapter 20; Geography and Ecology of the Cenozoic; 20.1 Continental Geography and Climates; --Continental movements; --Cenozoic climates; 20.2 Cenozoic Ecosystems; --Fossil Lake; --Freshwater habitats; --Marine habitats; --Terrestrial flora; --Terrestrial fauna; 20.3 The Great American Biotic Interchange; --Terrestrial vertebrates of North and South America; --Faunal interchange; --Marine fauna and isthmian pairs; 20.4 Extinctions; Chapter 21; Extant Birds; 21.1 Diversity of Aves; 21.2 Structural Specializations for Flight and Bipedalism; --Body size; --Feathers; --Streamlining and weight reduction; --Skeleton; --Muscles; 21.3 Wings and Flight; --Flight mechanics; --Wing shape and flight; 21.4 Feet and Locomotion; --Hopping, walking, and running; --Swimming; 21.5 Bills, Feeding, and Digestion; --Bills, cranial kinesis, and tongues; --Digestive tract; 21.6 Sensory Systems; --Vision; --Hearing; --Olfaction; --Touch; 21.7 Communication; --Vocalization; --Sonation; --Visual displays; 21.8 Reproduction; --Reproductive organs and insemination; --Egg structure; --Maternal effects; ---Sex determination; -Hatching and developmental state of young; 21.9 Parental Care; --Nest building; --Incubating; --Feeding young; --Interspecific brood parasitism; 21.10 Orientation, Navigation, and Migration; --Navigational abilities; --Using multiple cues during navigation; --Seasonal migration; 21.11 Conservation; Chapter 22; Synapsids and the Origin of Mammals; 22.1 Synapsid Evolution; --Cranial skeleton and teeth; --Phylogenetic history of synapsids; 22.2 Jaw Joints and Middle Ear Bones; 22.3 Other Mammalian Features; --Teeth; --Specializations of the palate and tongue for swallowing; --Facial muscles; --Integument; --Lactation, nursing, and suckling; --Brain and senses; --Internal anatomy; 22.4 Basal Mammalian Clades; --Prototheria; --DRAllotheria; --Theria; Chapter 23; Therians; 23.1 Therian Features and Origins of Marsupialia and Placentalia; --Therian skeletons; 23.2 Diversity of Marsupials; --Marsupials and the Australian fauna; 23.3 Diversity of Placentals; --Atlantogenata; --Boreoeutheria; 23.4 Reproduction; --Genitalia; --Urogenital tracts; --Placentation; --Gestation; --Evolution of therian viviparity; 23.5 Teeth and Feeding Specializations; --Cusps and lophs; --Carnivores and herbivores: Differences in jaw muscles; --Digestive tracts; 23.6 Locomotion; --Limbs: Speed versus power; --Cursorial adaptations of ungulate limbs; --Digging; --Powered flight of bats; --Swimming; --Cetacean evolution; 23.7 Trophy Hunting and Extinction Risk; --Bighorn sheep: A case study; --Endangering the endangered: The effect of perceived rarity; --The extinction vortex; Chapter 24; Primate Evolution and the Emergence of Humans; 24.1 Primate Origins and Diversification; --Basal primates; --Euprimates; --Anthropoids; --New World monkeys; --Old World monkeys and apes; 24.2 Origin and Evolution of Hominoidea; --Hylobatidae; --Hominidae; --Homininae; 24.3 Origin and Evolution of Hominini; --Distinctive features of hominins; --Early hominins; 24.4 The Genus Homo; --DRHomo habilis; --DRHomo erectus; --DRDmanisi hominins; --DRNeanderthals; --DRDenisovan hominins; --DRHomo longi; --Island species and miniaturization; --DRHomo naledi; --DRHomo bodoensis; --Origin and radiation of Homo sapiens; --What happened to the humans who were already there?; 24.5 Evolution of Human Characters; --Bipedalism; --Large brains; --Speech and language; 24.6 Humans and Other Vertebrates; --Humans as superpredators and environmental disruptors; --Megafaunal extinctions; --Is this the Anthropocene?; AppendixA-1; GlossaryG-1; IndexI-1 $ I really like the summary component of Pough et al. This will be extremely helpful for students to focus on the big picture points moving forward. -Carly Anne York, Lenoir-Rhyne University $ https://global.oup.com/academic/product/9780197558621 $ $ $ $ PSVW $ Zoology: Vertebrates

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