图书简介

Preface; Time Line; I. What Is Philosophy?; The Good of Philosophy; Philosophical Terrain; Thinking Philosophically; Reasons and Arguments; Fallacious Reasoning; Identifying Arguments; Obstacles to Critical Reasoning; Some Applications; Exercises in Critical Reasoning; Study and Discussion Questions; 1. Plato: Socratic Wisdom; 2. Plato: The Allegory of the Cave; 3. John Locke: Of Enthusiasm and the Quest for Truth; 4. Bertrand Russell: The Value of Philosophy; Key Terms; Suggestions for Further Reading; II. Philosophy of Religion; Introduction; II.A. Is Belief in God Rationally Justified? Arguments for the Existence of God; The Cosmological Argument; Pro; 5. Thomas Aquinas: The Five Ways; 6. William Lane Craig: The Kalam Cosmological Argument and the Anthropic Principle; Contra; 7. Paul Edwards: A Critique of the Cosmological Argument; The Teleological Argument; Pro; 8. William Paley: The Watch and the Watchmaker; Contra; 9. David Hume: A Critique of the Teleological Argument; The Ontological Argument; Pro et Contra; 10. St. Anselm and Gaunilo: The Ontological Argument; 11. William Rowe: An Analysis of the Ontological Argument; II.B. Why Is There Evil?; 12. Fyodor Dostoevsky: Why Is There Evil?; 13. B. C. Johnson: Why Doesn’t God Intervene to Prevent Evil?; 14. John Hick: There Is a Reason Why God Allows Evil; 15. William L. Rowe: The Problem of Evil and Some Varieties of Atheism; II.C. Is Faith Compatible with Reason?; 16. Blaise Pascal: Yes, Faith Is a Logical Bet; 17. W. K. Clifford: The Ethics of Belief; 18. William James: The Will to Believe; 19. Alvin Plantinga: Religious Belief Without Evidence; 20. Michael Martin: Faith and Foundationalism; 21. Soren Kierkegaard: Faith and Truth; 22. Bertrand Russell: Can Religion Cure Our Troubles?; Key Terms; Suggestions for Further Reading; III. Knowledge; Introduction; III.A. What Can We Know? Classical Theories of Knowledge; 23. Rene Descartes: Cartesian Doubt and the Search for Foundational Knowledge; 24. John Locke: The Empiricist Theory of Knowledge; 25. George Berkeley: An Idealist Theory of Knowledge; 26. David Hume: The Origin of Our Ideas; 27. G. E. Moore: Proof of an External World; III.B. Truth, Rationality, and Cognitive Relativism; 28. Bertrand Russell: The Correspondence Theory of Truth; 29. William James: The Pragmatic Theory of Truth; 30. Richard Rorty: Dismantling Truth: Solidarity Versus Objectivity; 31. Daniel Dennett: Postmodernism and Truth; III.C. Feminist Perspectives on Knowledge; 32. Eve Browning Cole: Philosophy and Feminist Criticism; 33. Alison Ainley: Feminist Philosophy; 34. Louise Antony: Embodiment and Epistemology; III.D. Induction; 35. David Hume: Skeptical Doubts Concerning the Operations of the Understanding; 36. Wesley C. Salmon: The Problem of Induction; Key Terms; Suggestions for Further Reading; IV. Philosophy of Mind: The Mind-Body Problem; Introduction; IV.A. What Am I? A Mind or a Body?; 37. Rene Descartes: Substance Dualism; 38. Gilbert Ryle: Exorcising Descartes’ Ghost in the Machine; 39. J. P. Moreland: A Contemporary Defense of Dualism; 40. Paul Churchland: On Functionalism and Materialism; 41. J. J. C. Smart: Sensations and Brain Processes; 42. Thomas Nagel: What Is It Like to Be a Bat?; 43. Jerry A. Fodor: The Mind-Body Problem; 44. David Chalmers: Property Dualism; 45. John Searle: Minds, Brains, and Computers; 46. Ned Block: Troubles with Functionalism; IV.B. Who Am I? Do We Have Personal Identity?; 47. John Locke: Our Psychological Properties Define the Self; 48. David Hume: We Have No Substantial Self with Which We Are Identical; Key Terms; Suggestions for Further Reading; V. Freedom of the Will and Determinism; Introduction; Contra; 49. Baron d’Holbach: We Are Completely Determined; Pro; 50. William James: The Dilemma of Determinism; 51. Roderick M. Chisholm: Human Freedom and the Self; Pro et Contra; 52. Harry Frankfurt: Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person; 53. David Hume: Liberty and Necessity; 54. W. T. Stace: Compatibilism; Key Terms; Suggestions for Further Reading; VI. Ethics; Introduction; VI.A. Are There Objective Moral Truths or Is Morality Relative?; 55. Ruth Benedict: Morality Is Relative; 56. James Rachels: Morality Is Not Relative; VI.B. Ethics and Egoism: Why Should We Be Moral?; 57. Plato: Why Should I Be Moral? Gyges’ Ring and Socrates’ Dilemma; 58. Louis P. Pojman: Egoism and Altruism: A Critique of Ayn Rand; 59. Joel Feinberg: Psychological Egoism; VI.C. Which Is the Correct Ethical Theory?; 60. Immanuel Kant: The Moral Law; 61. John Stuart Mill: Utilitarianism; 62. Russ Shafer-Landau: Consequentialism: Its Difficulties; 63. Aristotle: The Ethics of Virtue 520; 64. Virginia Held: The Ethics of Care; 65. Alison M. Jaggar: Feminist Ethics; 66. Annette C. Baier: The Need for More Than Justice; 67. Lewis Vaughn: Morality Based on Prima Facie Principles; 68. Jean-Paul Sartre: Existentialist Ethics; 69. James Rachels: The Divine Command Theory; 70. Thomas Nagel: Moral Luck; 71. Susan Wolf: Moral Saints; Key Terms; Suggestions for Further Reading; VII. Political Philosophy and Justice; Introduction; VII.A. What Is the Most Just Form of Government?; 72. Robert Paul Wolff: In Defense of Anarchism; 73. Thomas Hobbes: The Absolutist Answer: The Justification of the State Is the Security It Affords; 74. John Locke: The Democratic Answer: The Justification of the State Is Its Promotion of Security and Natural Human Rights; 75. John Stuart Mill: A Classical Liberal Answer: Government Must Promote Freedom; 76. John Rawls: The Contemporary Liberal Answer; 77. Robert Nozick: Against Liberalism; VII.B. What Is Social Justice?; 78. Martin Luther King Jr.: Nonviolence and Racial Justice; 79. Susan Moller Okin: Justice, Gender, and the Family; 80. Mary Wollstonecraft: A Vindication of the Rights of Women; Key Terms; Suggestions for Further Reading; VIII. What Is the Meaning of Life?; Introduction; 81. Epicurus: Moderate Hedonism; 82. Epictetus: Stoicism: Enchiridion; 83. Albert Camus: Life Is Absurd; 84. Julian Baggini: Living Life Forwards; 85. John Messerly: The Ascent of Meaning; 86. Thomas Nagel: The Absurd; 87. Richard Taylor: The Meaning of Life; 88. Susan Wolf: Meaning in Life; Suggestions for Further Reading; IX. Contemporary Moral Problems; Introduction; IX.A. Is Abortion Morally Permissible?; Contra; 89. Don Marquis: Why Abortion Is Immoral; 90. Francis J. Beckwith: Arguments from Bodily Rights; Pro; 91. Mary Anne Warren: On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion; 92. Judith Jarvis Thomson: A Defense of Abortion; Pro et Contra; 93. Jane English: The Moderate Position: Beyond the Personhood Argument; IX.B. Free Speech and Hate Speech; 94. Sigal R. Ben-Porath: Free Speech on Campus; 95. Erwin Chemerinsky and Howard Gillman: Hate Speech; IX.C. Who Is a Racist?; 96. Lawrence Blum: Racism: Its Core Meaning; 97. Kwame Anthony Appiah: Racisms; IX.D. The Ethics of Climate Change; 98. Stephen M. Gardiner: A Perfect Moral Storm: Climate Change; 99. John Broome: The Public and Private Morality of Climate Change; Suggestions for Further Reading; Appendix:; The Truth about Philosophy Majors; How to Read and Write Philosophy Papers; Glossary

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