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CONTENTS; PREFACE xv; 1 INTRODUCTION 1; 1.1 COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 2; 1.2 DESIGN CHALLENGES: CHANNEL DISTORTIONS AND NOISES 3; 1.3 MESSAGE SOURCES 4; 1.4 CHANNEL EFFECT, SIGNAL-TO-NOISE RATIO, AND CAPACITY 8; 1.5 MODULATION AND DETECTION 11; 1.6 DIGITAL SOURCE CODING AND ERROR CORRECTION CODING 13; 1.7 A BRIEF HISTORICAL REVIEW OF MODERN TELECOMMUNICATIONS 15; 2 SIGNALS AND SIGNAL SPACE 21; 2.1 SIZE OF A SIGNAL 21; 2.2 CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS 26; 2.3 SOME USEFUL SIGNAL OPERATIONS 29; 2.4 UNIT IMPULSE SIGNAL 33; 2.5 SIGNALS VERSUS VECTORS 36; 2.6 CORRELATION OF SIGNALS 42; 2.7 ORTHOGONAL SIGNAL SETS 47; 2.8 TRIGONOMETRIC FOURIER SERIES 51; 2.9 FREQUENCY DOMAIN AND EXPONENTIAL FOURIER SERIES 62; 2.10 MATLAB EXERCISES 69; 3 ANALYSIS AND TRANSMISSION OF SIGNALS 84; 3.1 FOURIER TRANSFORM of SIGNALS 84; 3.2 TRANSFORMS OF SOME USEFUL FUNCTIONS 90; 3.3 SOME FOURIER TRANSFORM PROPERTIES 97; 3.4 SIGNAL TRANSMISSION THROUGH A LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT SYSTEM 114; 3.5 IDEAL VERSUS PRACTICAL FILTERS 119; 3.6 SIGNAL DISTORTION OVER A COMMUNICATION CHANNEL 124; 3.7 SIGNAL ENERGY AND ENERGY SPECTRAL DENSITY 128; 3.8 SIGNAL POWER AND POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY 137; 3.9 NUMERICAL COMPUTATION OF FOURIER TRANSFORM: THE DFT 145; 3.10 MATLAB EXERCISES 150; 4 ANALOGUE MODULATIONS AND DEMODULATIONS 167; 4.1 BASEBAND VERSUS CARRIER COMMUNICATIONS 167; 4.2 DOUBLE-SIDEBAND AMPLITUDE MODULATION 169; 4.3 AMPLITUDE MODULATION (AM) 178; 4.4 BANDWIDTH-EFFICIENT AMPLITUDE MODULATIONS 185; 4.5 FM AND PM: NONLINEAR ANGLE MODULATIONS 199; 4.6 BANDWIDTH ANALYSIS OF ANGLE MODULATIONS 205; 4.7 DEMODULATION OF FM SIGNALS 213; 4.8 FREQUENCY CONVERSION AND SUPERHETERODYNE RECEIVERS 215; 4.9 GENERATING FM SIGNALS 218; 4.10 FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (FDM) 224; 4.11 PHASE-LOCKED LOOP AND APPLICATIONS 225; 4.12 MATLAB EXERCISES 233; 5 DIGITISATION OF ANALOGUE SOURCE SIGNALS 255; 5.1 SAMPLING THEOREM 255; 5.2 PULSE CODE MODULATION (PCM) 270; 5.3 DIGITAL TELEPHONY: PCM IN T1 SYSTEMS 282; 5.4 DIGITAL MULTIPLEXING HIERARCHY 286; 5.5 DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION (DPCM) 291; 5.6 DELTA MODULATION 296; 5.7 MATLAB EXERCISES 301; 6 PRINCIPLES OF DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION 317; 6.1 DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 317; 6.2 BASEBAND LINE CODING 320; 6.3 PULSE SHAPING 335; 6.4 SCRAMBLING 347; 6.5 DIGITAL RECEIVERS AND REGENERATIVE REPEATERS 350; 6.6 EYE DIAGRAMS: AN IMPORTANT DIAGNOSTIC TOOL 360; 6.7 PAM: M-ARY BASEBAND SIGNALLING 363; 6.8 DIGITAL CARRIER SYSTEMS 366; 6.9 M-ARY DIGITAL CARRIER MODULATION 368; 6.10 MATLAB EXERCISE 374; 7 FUNDAMENTALS OF PROBABILITY THEORY 388; 7.1 CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY 388; 7.2 RANDOM VARIABLES 404; 7.3 STATISTICAL AVERAGES (MEANS) 423; 7.4 CORRELATION 432; 7.5 LINEAR MEAN SQUARE ESTIMATION 436; 7.6 SUM OF RANDOM VARIABLES 439; 7.7 CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM 442; 8 RANDOM PROCESSES AND SPECTRAL ANALYSIS 453; 8.1 FROM RANDOM VARIABLE TO RANDOM PROCESS 453; 8.2 CLASSIFICATION OF RANDOM PROCESSES 458; 8.3 POWER SPECTRAL DENSITY 462; 8.4 MULTIPLE RANDOM PROCESSES 477; 8.5 TRANSMISSION OF RANDOM PROCESSES THROUGH LINEAR SYSTEMS 478; 8.6 BANDPASS RANDOM PROCESSES 499; 9 PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 523; 9.1 OPTIMUM LINEAR DETECTOR FOR BINARY POLAR SIGNALLING 523; 9.2 GENERAL BINARY SIGNALLING 529; 9.3 COHERENT RECEIVERS FOR DIGITAL CARRIER MODULATIONS 537; 9.4 SIGNAL SPACE ANALYSIS OF OPTIMUM DETECTION 542; 9.5 VECTOR DECOMPOSITION OF WHITE NOISE RANDOM PROCESSES 547; 9.6 OPTIMUM RECEIVER FOR WHITE GAUSSIAN NOISE CHANNELS 553; 9.7 GENERAL ERROR PROBABILITY OF OPTIMUM RECEIVERS 578; 9.8 NONWHITE (COLOURED) CHANNEL NOISE 587; 9.9 OTHER USEFUL PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 587; 9.10 NONCOHERENT DETECTION 591; 9.11 MATLAB EXERCISES 599; 10 SPREAD SPECTRUM COMMUNICATIONS 618; 10.1 FREQUENCY HOPPING SPREAD SPECTRUM (FHSS) SYSTEMS 618; 10.2 MULTIPLE FHSS USER SYSTEMS AND PERFORMANCE 622; 10.3 APPLICATIONS OF FHSS 625; 10.4 DIRECT SEQUENCE SPREAD SPECTRUM 629; 10.5 RESILIENT FEATURES OF DSSS 632; 10.6 CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE-ACCESS (CDMA) OF DSSS 634; 10.7 MULTIUSER DETECTION (MUD) 642; 10.8 MODERN PRACTICAL DSSS CDMA SYSTEMS 648; 10.9 MATLAB EXERCISES 657; 11 DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS OVER LINEARLY DISTORTIVE CHANNELS 673; 11.1 LINEAR DISTORTIONS OF WIRELESS MULTIPATH CHANNELS 673; 11.2 RECEIVER CHANNEL EQUALISATION 677; 11.3 LINEAR T-SPACED EQUALISATION (TSE) 683; 11.4 LINEAR FRACTIONALLY SPACED EQUALISERS (FSE) 693; 11.5 CHANNEL ESTIMATION 698; 11.6 DECISION FEEDBACK EQUALISER 699; 11.7 OFDM (MULTICARRIER) COMMUNICATIONS 702; 11.8 REAL-LIFE APPLICATIONS OF OFDM AND DMT 714; 11.9 BLIND EQUALISATION AND IDENTIFICATION 719; 11.10 TIME-VARYING CHANNEL DISTORTIONS DUE TO MOBILITY 720; 11.11 MATLAB EXERCISES 723; 12 INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION THEORY 744; 12.1 MEASURE OF INFORMATION 744; 12.2 SOURCE ENCODING 748; 12.3 ERROR-FREE COMMUNICATION OVER A NOISY CHANNEL 754; 12.4 CHANNEL CAPACITY OF A DISCRETE MEMORYLESS CHANNEL 757; 12.5 CHANNEL CAPACITY OF A CONTINUOUS MEMORYLESS CHANNEL 764; 12.6 MULTIPLE-INPUT-MULTIPLE-OUTPUT COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS 781; 12.7 MATLAB EXERCISES 790; 13 ERROR CORRECTING CODES 802; 13.1 OVERVIEW 802; 13.2 REDUNDANCY FOR ERROR CORRECTION 803; 13.3 LINEAR BLOCK CODES 806; 13.4 CYCLIC CODES 813; 13.5 THE BENEFIT OF ERROR CORRECTION 823; 13.6 CONVOLUTIONAL CODES 827; 13.7 TRELLIS DIAGRAM OF BLOCK CODES 837; 13.8 CODE COMBINING AND INTERLEAVING 838; 13.9 SOFT DECODING 841; 13.10 SOFT-OUTPUT VITERBI ALGORITHM (SOVA) 843; 13.11 TURBO CODES 845; 13.12 LOW-DENSITY PARITY CHECK (LDPC) CODES 854; 13.13 MATLAB EXERCISES 860; APPENDICES; A ORTHOGONALITY OF SOME SIGNAL SETS 875; A.1 TRIGONOMETRIC SINUSOID SIGNAL SET 875; A.2 ORTHOGONALITY OF THE EXPONENTIAL SINUSOID SIGNAL SET 876; B CAUCHY-SCHWARZ INEQUALITY 877; C GRAM-SCHMIDT ORTHOGONALISATION OF A VECTOR SET 878; INDEX 881

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