图书简介

PREFACE; PREAMBLE; SECTION 1; CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION; MEG and EEG Setups; Comparison of MEG and EEG; Structure of this Primer; CHAPTER 2: INSIGHTS INTO THE HUMAN BRAIN; Overview of the Human Brain; How to Obtain Information About Brain Function; Timing in Human Behavior; Functional Structure of the Human Cerebral Cortex; Communication Between Brain Areas; Thalamocortical Connections; Intra-Brain Connectivity; Electric Signaling in Neurons; Membrane Potential; Action Potentials; Postsynaptic Potentials; CHAPTER 3: BASIC PHYSICS AND PHYSIOLOGY OF MEG AND EEG; An Overview of MEG and EEG Signal Generation; Charges and Electric Current; Ohm’s and Kirchoff’s Laws; Relationship Between Current and Magnetic Field; Superconductivity; Inverse Problem; Source Currents; Primary Current; Layers, Open Fields, and Closed Fields; Intracortical Cancellation; Volume Conduction; Spherical Head Model; Some General Points About Source Localization; CHAPTER 4: AN OVERVIEW OF EEG AND MEG; Historical Aspects; Early EEG Recordings; Early MEG Recordings; Brain Rhythms; Evoked and Event-Related Responses; SECTION 2; CHAPTER 5: INSTRUMENTATION FOR MEG AND EEG; EEG Instrumentation; Electrodes; EEG Amplifiers; Differential Amplifiers, Common Mode Rejection, and Amplifier Input Impedances; Standard Electrode Positions; Effects of Reference Electrode on Potential Distribution; Re-Referencing Relative to an Average Reference; MEG Instrumentation; Squids and Squid Electronics; Flux Transformers and Their Configuration; Shielding; Other Means to Maintain a Noise-Free Environment; Stimulators and Monitoring Devices; Auditory Stimulators; Visual Stimulators; Somatosensory Stimulators; Stimulators for Inducing Acute Pain; Passive-Movement Stimulators (Proprioception Stimulation); Monitoring Devices; Future Developments of EEG and MEG Instrumentation; Developments in EEG; Developments in MEG; CHAPTER 6. PRACTICALITIES OF DATA COLLECTION; General Principles of Good Experimentation; Replicability Checks; EEG Recordings: The Practice; Electrodes, Skin Preparation, and Electrode-Impedance Measurement; Post-Recording Infection Control; MEG Recordings: The Practice; Measurement of MEG Sensor and EEG Electrode Positions; Locations of MEG Sensors and EEG Electrodes; Electrical Safety; CHAPTER 7: DATA ACQUISITION AND PREPROCESSING; Filtering; Data Sampling (Analog-To-Digital Conversion); CHAPTER 8: ARTIFACTS; General; Artifact-Removal Methods; Blind Source Separation and Independent-Component Analysis; Signal-Space Projection (SSP) and Temporal Signal-Space Separation Tsss (For MEG); Eye-Related Artifacts; Generation and Recognition of Eye Movement and Eye Blink Artifacts; Saccadic and Microsaccade Artifacts; Electroretinogram and Magnetoretinogram; Removal of Eye-Related Artifacts; Muscle Artifacts; Generation and Recognition; Removal; Cardiac Artifacts; Generation and Recognition; Removal; Respiration-Related Artifacts; Generation and Recognition; Sweating; Generation, Recognition, and Removal; Non-Physiological Artifacts; Power-Line Noise and its Removal; Response-Box Artifacts; EEG-Electrode and MEG-Sensor-Related Artifacts; How to be Sure that the Signals come from the Brain; CHAPTER 9: ANALYZING THE DATA; General; Data Inspection and Pre-Processing; Signal Averaging of MEG/EEG Data; Signal-To-Noise Considerations; Segmentation; Amplitude and Latency Measures; Issues Related to Cross-Group Averaging and Assessment of Group Differences; Topographic Maps of EEG and MEG Activity; Whole-Head Statistical Analysis of EEG Data; Analysis of Spontaneous Activity and Single-Trial Data; General; Evoked Versus Induced Activity; MEG/EEG Signal Level and Power; Event-Related Desynchronization and Synchronization, and Temporal Spectral Evolution; Time-Frequency Analyses; Phase Resetting and Models of Evoked Activity; Coherence and Other Measures of Association; Cross-Frequency Coupling; Global Field Power, Dissimilarity, and Brain Microstates; Source Modeling; The Forward and Inverse Problems in MEG and EEG; Head Models; Single-Dipole Model and Model Validity; Goodness-of-Fit and Confidence Limits of the Model; Spatial Resolution; Source Extent; Multidipole Models, Distributed Models, and Beamformers; Hypothesis Testing with Predetermined Source Locations; Effect of Synchrony; Changes in Orientation/Tilting; Assessments of Effective Connectivity; Common Pitfalls in Data Analysis and Interpretation; Interpretation of MEG/EEG Data; SECTION 3; CHAPTER 10: BRAIN RHYTHMS; General; Alpha Rhythm of the Posterior Cortex; Mu Rhythm of the Sensorimotor Cortex; Tau Rhythm in the Auditory Cortex; Beta Rhythm; Theta Rhythm; Gamma Rhythms; Delta-Band Activity and Ultra-Slow Oscillations; Coupling Between Different Brain Rhythms; Changes in Brain Rhythms During Sleep; Effects of Anesthesia and Other Drugs on EEG/MEG; CHAPTER 11: EVOKED AND EVENT-RELATED RESPONSES; General; An Initial Example; Nomenclature of Evoked Responses and Brain Rhythms; Effects of Interstimulus Interval and Stimulus Timing; Effects of Other Stimulus Parameters; CHAPTER 12: AUDITORY RESPONSES; Aspects of Auditory Stimulation; Auditory Brainstem Responses; Middle-Latency Auditory-Evoked Responses; Long-Latency Auditory Evoked Responses; Auditory Steady-State Responses; Frequency Tagging; CHAPTER 13: VISUAL RESPONSES; Visual Stimuli; Transient Visual Responses; Assessing the Ventral Visual Stream; Assessing the Dorsal Visual Stream; Steady-State Visual Responses; CHAPTER 14: SOMATOSENSORY RESPONSES 304; Compound Action Potentials and Fields of Peripheral Nerves; Responses from SI Cortex; Responses from Posterior Parietal Cortex; Responses from SII Cortex; Somatosensory Steady-State Responses; High-Frequency Oscillations (Hfos) in SI; Pain and Nociceptive Responses; CHAPTER 15: OTHER SENSORY RESPONSES & MULTISENSORY INTERACTIONS; Visceral Responses; Olfactory and Gustatory Responses; Multisensory Interaction; General; Audiotactile Interaction: An MEG Case Study; Multisensory Integration of Human Communication; Multisensory Integration Reflected in Spontaneous MEG/EEG Activity; CHAPTER 16: MOTOR FUNCTION; Movement-Related Readiness Potentials and Fields; Coherence Between Brain Activity and Movements/Muscles; General; Cortex-Muscle Coherence; Corticokinematic Coherence; Corticovocal Coherence; CHAPTER 17: BRAIN SIGNALS RELATED TO CHANGE DETECTION; General; Contingent Negative Variation (CNV); Mismatch Negativity and Field (MMN, MMF); P300 Responses; N400 Responses; Error-Related Negativity (ERN); CHAPTER 18: THE SOCIAL BRAIN; Theoretical Framework; Responses to Emotions Depicted by Faces and Bodies; Action Viewing and Mirroring; Hyperscanning; Verbal Communication; CHAPTER 19: BRAIN DISORDERS; General Remarks; Epilepsy; Preoperative Mapping; Functional Identification of the Central Sulcus; Anatomical Identification of the Central Sulcus; Hemispheric Dominance for Speech and Language; Stroke; Critically Ill Patients; Coma; Brain Death; CHAPTER 20: MEG/EEG IN THE STUDY OF BRAIN FUNCTION; Advantages of MEG and EEG; Disadvantages of MEG and EEG; Combining MEG and EEG; Combining MEG/EEG with MRI/fMRI; EEG During Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation; CHAPTER 21: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE; Decoding of Brain States; Travelling Light; Data Governance; Better Analysis of Behavior; Modeling at Different Levels; How Your MEG and EEG Work Can Make an Impact on Science; Index

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