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Foreword xiii Francois-Michel LAMBERT Introduction xvii Karen DELCHET-COCHET Part 1. The Circular Economy, Between Framework and Stakes 1 Chapter 1. The Circular Economy: Historical Perspective and Contemporary Issues 3 Franck AGGERI 1.1. Introduction 3 1.2. From the origins of the reflections on the circular economy to its inclusion on the public agenda 4 1.2.1. The reasons for the enthusiasm 5 1.2.2. Circular economy as a new rational utopia 7 1.3. Is the circular economy really a new practice? 8 1.3.1. Circular economy, mode 1 8 1.3.2. Circular economy, mode 2 9 1.4. Obstacles to the circular transition to mode 2 10 1.4.1. Local value creation 11 1.4.2. The need for a new industrial policy 11 1.5. References 12 Chapter 2. The Circular Economy and Lifecycle 13 Christian BRODHAG 2.1. Resources 14 2.2. Environmental context 16 2.2.1. The global question 18 2.3. Methods to address the circular economy 20 2.3.1. Historical background: from industrial ecology to circular economy 20 2.3.2. The lifecycle approach 20 2.3.3. Eco-design 22 2.4. Political and normative processes 22 2.4.1. The European and French approaches. 22 2.4.2. ISO standardization 24 2.5. Conclusion 25 2.6. References 26 Chapter 3. Circular Economy: Transformation of the Labor Market and Change in Human Resources Management Practices 29 David MORIEZ 3.1. Introduction 29 3.2. The circular economy, labor market and jobs 31 3.2.1. The circular economy: a response to the regionalization of unemployment 32 3.2.2. The circular economy: a response to structural unemployment 35 3.2.3. The circular economy: "green jobs" and "greening jobs" 36 3.3. The circular economy and human resources management practices 38 3.3.1. Green human resources management (green HRM) 38 3.3.2. Green human resources management practices39 3.4. Conclusion 41 3.5. Appendix 1 42 3.6. Appendix 2 43 3.7. Appendix 3 47 3.8. References 48 Chapter 4. The Role of Education in the Ecological and Circular Transition: Current Situation and Prospects 53 Dominique BONET FERNANDEZ 4.1. Introduction 53 4.2. Findings and challenges for universities and companies 54 4.2.1. Multidisciplinary challenges, requiring a review of training courses 55 4.2.2. The companies and universities concerned 55 4.3. How to meet the skills and training needs of the circular economy? 56 4.3.1. From Green Plan to education for sustainable development 56 4.3.2. A wide range of skills 57 4.3.3. Towards new practices 57 4.4. An initiative provided by the French Virtual University for Environment and Sustainable Development 60 4.5. The proposed 2019 law on the generalization of education on issues related to the preservation of the environment and biological diversity and climate change within the framework of global boundaries 61 4.6. Legislative proposals to be closely monitored 62 4.7. Conclusion 64 4.8. References 65 Chapter 5. Boosting the Circular Economy through Proximity: The New Competences of Local Authorities 67 Karine FABRE and Alexis POKROVSKY 5.1. What scale for proximity? 68 5.2. Understanding the territorial levels: sharing of competences in the context of waste management 70 5.2.1. Historical expertise in waste management acquired by municipalities 70 5.2.2. Territorial tiering of competences 71 5.3. The levers for steering the circular economy 74 5.3.1. An increasingly environmentally oriented public procurement 75 5.3.2. Some examples of public practices or policies: between responsible purchasing and waste reduction at source 76 5.4. Conclusion 77 5.5. References 77 Part 2. Circular Economy: A Few Tools and Approaches 79 Chapter 6. Example of a Pioneering Approach to the Circular Economy: Cradle to Cradle 81 Anne DE BETHENCOURT 6.1. The origins of Cradle to Cradle 82 6.1.1. Thus, Cradle to Cradle was born82 6.1.2. The founding principle: design differently and "upcycle" to create "positive loops" 83 6.1.3. Counter false good ideas 85 6.2. Creating resilient models 85 6.2.1. High-performance business models 85 6.2.2. The material passport, a key factor in traceability 86 6.2.3. Promoting the abundance of renewable energies 86 6.2.4. A recognized approach 86 6.2.5. A demanding approach 87 6.3. Some examples of C2C certified products 88 6.3.1. Carpets 88 6.3.2. Buildings 88 6.3.3. Fashion 89 6.3.4. Cleaning products 90 6.4. Conclusion 91 6.5. References 91 Chapter 7. From the Circular Economy to Industrial and Territorial Ecology Approaches: What Modes of Governance to Ensure their Sustainability? 93 Valerie FERNANDES 7.1. Introduction 93 7.2. Leverages and obstacles to the sustainability of ITE approaches: findings and analysis 94 7.2.1. Circular economy and ITE approaches: definition and key elements 94 7.2.2. Success factors and obstacles to the sustainability of ITE approaches 96 7.3. The modes of governance of ITE approaches 99 7.3.1. Key elements 99 7.3.2. The modes of governance of ITE approaches 100 7.4. Articulation of ITE approaches on the same territory: the example of the La Rochelle territory 102 7.4.1. Presentation of the three approaches 102 7.4.2. Challenges, risks and opportunities 104 7.5. Conclusion 108 7.6. References 108 Chapter 8. Sharing Economy, a Driving Force of the Circular Economy? 111 Catherine LEJEALLE 8.1. Introduction 111 8.2. Web 2.0 disrupts consumption practices 112 8.2.1. Arguments over definitions 112 8.2.2. Mapping the sharing economy 114 8.3. The circular economy in Moore’s chasm 115 8.3.1. The pillars of the circular economy and the role of consumption 115 8.3.2. Adoption of the circular economy: consumer behavior 116 8.3.3. Moore’s chasm to cross 117 8.4. The uses of the sharing economy 118 8.4.1. Motivations 118 8.4.2. Percolation of uses 120 8.5. Conclusion 121 8.6. References 122 Chapter 9. The Circular Economy from the Perspective of Voluntary Standardization 125 Anne BENADY, Melodie MERENDA and Merylle AUBRUN 9.1. Why and how has voluntary standardization appropriated the concept of the circular economy? 125 9.1.1. A need expressed by economic actors 125 9.1.2. Towards an ISO standard 128 9.2. The main principles of the XP X30-901 standard 129 9.2.1. Structure and content of the reference framework 130 9.3. The circular economy project management standard, a suitable tool for evaluating, enhancing and improving projects 133 9.3.1. Towards a "Circular Economic Assessment" 133 9.3.2. First feedback from users 134 9.4. References 135 Part 3. Activity Sectors through the Prism of the Circular Economy 137 Chapter 10. Circular Economy and Construction 139 Vincent AUGISEAU 10.1. Introduction 139 10.2. Global environmental issues related to construction 139 10.3. Sixteen elements of definition 141 10.3.1. Three principles of the circular economy according to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation 143 10.3.2. Definitions from the six levers for a transition to a circular economy according to the Ellen MacArthur Foundation 144 10.3.3. Definitions according to a strategy similar to an R scale 145 10.3.4. Definitions according to the stages of a building’s lifecycle 146 10.3.5. Definitions of the circular economy close to that of sustainable development 147 10.3.6. Cross-referenced analysis of definitions 148 10.4. Policies and projects aiming to apply the concept of the circular economy to construction 148 10.4.1. Policies 148 10.4.2. Research and development projects 149 10.4.3. Construction and urban development projects 150 10.5. Four main limitations 150 10.5.1. An uncertain delimitation of the scope of the circular economy between waste management and sustainable development 151 10.5.2. Low consideration of the territorial context 152 10.5.3. A scale for the application of the circular economy concept that is too narrow 153 10.5.4. Insufficient coordination between the circular economy and spatial planning 153 10.6. Conclusion 154 10.7. References 154 Chapter 11. Understanding the Concept of Waste to Avoid its Production 159 Yvon PESQUEUX 11.1. Introduction 159 11.2. Waste defined as that which crosses a boundary 161 11.3. The ambiguity of waste 163 11.4. Institutional definitions of waste 164 11.5. Lifecycle analysis 169 11.6. Conclusion: arguing about boundaries 171 11.7. References 173 Chapter 12. When Fashion Brands Try to Adopt a Circular Economy 175 Benedicte BOURCIER-BEQUAERT, Karen DELCHET-COCHET and Valerie FERNANDES 12.1. Introduction 175 12.2. State of play 177 12.2.1. The circular economy: main principles and application in companies 177 12.2.2. CE in textile companies in France: a waste-based approach 179 12.3. Methodology 182 12.4. Results 183 12.4.1. There is a collector and... a collector 183 12.4.2. A still partial implementation of the CE 184 12.5. The limits of the actions implemented 187 12.6. Conclusion 189 12.7. References 190 Chapter 13. The Circular Economy and Packaging: Challenges and Avenues for Reflection 193 Francois CABARET 13.1. Division function 195 13.1.1. Bulk goods 196 13.1.2. The sale in unit packaging 197 13.1.3. Sales in the so-called family or "giant" promotional packaging 197 13.2. Protection function 197 13.3. Marketing and communication functions 200 13.4. Service functions 201 13.5. Reflection points 202 13.6. Conclusion 202 13.7. References 203 Chapter 14. The Circular Economy and Toy Sector 205 Karen DELCHET-COCHET and Coralie DAMAY 14.1. The toy sector between impact and innovation 206 14.1.1. The main characteristics of the toy sector 206 14.1.2. The circular economy in the toy sector: a lifecycle perspective 208 14.2. A toy is more than "just a product" 213 14.2.1. Toys, the company’s flagship products 213 14.2.2. A brief historical return 214 14.2.3. The role of the toy in educating the future consumer? 215 14.2.4. Toys and environmental education 215 14.2.5. The toy, a role to be redefined 216 14.3. To conclude: proposals for rethinking our relationship with toys 218 14.4. References 219 Postface 223 Jean-Louis BERGEY List of Authors 227 Index 229

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