图书简介
In nature, a number of molecules self-assemble to form various aggregation states. In these aggregation states, numerous functions, which have never been observed in one molecule, are developed. Even for the same compound, the different aggregation states exhibit totally different physical properties in density, hardness, optical and electrical properties, medicinal effect, etc. For pursuing the functionality of materials, it may be indispensable to understand the molecular aggregation states of crystals, liquid crystals, glass, colloids, etc. In this book, the author will focus on the basis of polymorphic phenomena of crystals and liquid crystals and their physical properties. After reading this book, you will be able to change your viewpoint of matter from traditional limited "three states of matter" to novel "numerous states of matter."
Crystals: X-Ray Crystal Structure Analysis: Discovery Of X-Ray, X-Ray Generation, X-Ray Diffraction, Bragg’s Condition; Crystal Lattice, Seven Crystal Systems, 14 Bravais Lattices, Miller Index; Relationship Among Spacing D, Miller Index and Lattice Constants ; Single Crystal Method, Powder Crystal Method; Reciprocal Lattice, Crystal Structure Factor and Extinction Rule, Simple Example of Crystal Structure Analysis; Polymorphism: Polymorph and Polymorphism; First Order and Second Order Phase Transitions, ΔV, Order–Disorder Transition, Rotational Transition; Phase Diagrams: G–T Diagram, P–T Diagram; Double Melting Behavior, Relaxation, Nomenclature Of Polymorphs; Composition Phase Diagram (P–X Diagram and T–9X Diagram in the Case of Liquid / Vapor, in the Case of Liquid / Liquid), Phase Rule; Le Chaterier–Schröder Equation, Binary Phase Diagram with Polymorphism, Binary Phase Diagram When Forming Intermolecular Compounds; Solution Phase Transformation, Solubility Curve, How to Prepare Metastable Polymorphs, Verification Method Whether Polymorphs Exist or Not, Confirmation Method Whether Two Given Samples are Polymorphs of the Same Compound; Application of Polymorphism: Suppository, How to Make Quick Efficacy Insulin and Slow Efficacy Insulin; Liquid Crystals: X-Ray Liquid Crystal Structure Analysis: What is the Mesophases? Position in the Three States of Matter, Plastic Crystal, Liquid Crystal; Types of Liquid Crystal, Thermotropic Liquid Crystals, Lyotropic Liquid Crystals, Low Molecular Liquid Crystals, Polymer Liquid Crystals; Dimensionality and Hierarchy of Mesophases, Stepwise Disintegration of a Crystal Lattice: Orthorhombic, Hexagonal, Tetragonal and Monoclinic Crystal Systems; How the Dimensionality of X-Ray Reflection Lines Appear, a Liquid Crystal Phase is a Direct Sum of the Subspaces in Linear Algebra, Composite-Lattice-Based Liquid Crystalline Phases, Matter is Categorized as Not Three States but Multi States; Liquid Crystal Structure Factor, Extinction Rules for 2D Lattices; X-ray Structure Analysis of Liquid Crystal Phases, Golden Rule of Liquid Crystal Structure Analysis, Reciprocal Lattice Method for Discotic Phases of 2D-Rectangular, 2D-Hexagonal and 2D-Tetragonal Columnar Phases; Calamitic Phases of Smectic A, Smectic E and Smectic T Phases; Temperature-Variable X-Ray Diffraction Apparatus; X-Ray Structure Analysis Method Using Orthogonal Vector Complement Subspaces; Miscellaneous Discussion: 3D<[2D⊕1D] Phases, 3D Mesophases, Steel (Austenite Phase);
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