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List of Contributors xiii Foreword xix About the Book xxi About the Editor xxiii 1 Heat Tolerance in Cotton: Morphological, Physiological, and Genetic Perspectives 1 Muhammad Tehseen Azhar, Shabir Hussain Wani, Muhammad Tanees Chaudhary, Tariq Jameel, Parwinder Kaur, and Xiongming Du 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Morphological and Physiological Traits 2 1.1.1.1 Seedling and Root Growth 3 1.1.1.2 Stomatal Conductance 3 1.1.1.3 Cell Membrane Thermostability 4 1.1.1.4 Canopy Temperature 5 1.1.1.5 Chlorophyll Content 6 1.1.2 Genetics and Molecular Basis of Heat Tolerance in Cotton 8 1.1.3 Conventional Breeding Approaches 9 1.1.4 Modern Molecular Breeding Approaches 10 1.2 Conclusion and Future Prospects 12 References 12 2 Seed Priming as a Method to Generate Heat-stress Tolerance in Plants: A Minireview 23 Aditya Banerjee and Aryadeep Roychoudhury 2.1 Introduction 23 2.2 Mechanism of Heat Stress Injury in Plants 24 2.3 Seed Priming Generating Heat-stress Tolerance 26 2.4 Conclusion 27 2.5 Future Perspectives 27 Acknowledgments 28 References 28 3 How Effective are Stress-associated Proteins in Augmenting Thermotolerance? 33 Ines Karmous and Sandeep Kumar Verma 3.1 Introduction 33 3.1.1 Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) 34 3.1.2 Proline 36 3.1.3 Dehydrins (DHNs) 37 3.1.4 Role of Metabolic Proteins in Thermotolerance 37 3.2 Conclusion 40 References 40 4 Biochemical and Molecular Markers: Unraveling Their Potential Role in Screening Germplasm for Thermotolerance 47 Ahmed Ismail, Kareem A. Mosa, Muna A. Ali, and Mohamed Helmy 4.1 Introduction 47 4.2 Types of Markers 48 4.3 Morphological Markers 49 4.4 Molecular Markers 49 4.5 Biochemical Markers 53 4.6 Quantitative Trait Loci for Plant Thermotolerance 54 4.7 Plant Metabolites Under Heat Stress 61 4.8 Antioxidant Enzymes and Heat Stress 63 4.9 Conclusion 68 References 70 5 Alteration in Carbohydrate Metabolism Modulates Thermotolerance of Plant under Heat Stress 77 Roseline Xalxo, Bhumika Yadu, Jipsi Chandra, Vibhuti Chandrakar, and S. Keshavkant 5.1 Introduction 77 5.1.1 Heat Stress and Thermotolerance 79 5.1.1.1 Morphological Alterations 80 5.1.1.2 Anatomical Alterations 80 5.1.1.3 Physiological and Biochemical Modifications 81 5.1.1.4 Cell Membrane Integrity 82 5.2 Carbohydrate as Protectives Molecules 83 5.2.1 Osmolyte 83 5.2.2 Thermoprotectant 84 5.3 Carbohydrates as Signaling Molecules 85 5.3.1 Reproductive Cell Development 85 5.3.2 Seed Development 86 5.3.3 Seed Germination and Yield Loss 87 5.4 Adverse Impacts of Heat Stress 87 5.4.1 Photosynthesis 87 5.4.1.1 Altered Carbon Assimilation 88 5.4.1.2 Chlorophyll Breakdown 88 5.4.2 Major and Minor Carbohydrate Metabolism 89 5.4.3 Expression of Regulatory Genes 89 5.4.4 Enzyme Activity 90 5.5 Mechanisms Involved in Thermotolerance 93 5.5.1 Glucose and Heat-stress Tolerance 93 5.5.2 Sucrose and Heat-stress Tolerance 94 5.5.3 Fructan and Heat-stress Tolerance 95 5.5.4 Trehalose and Heat-stress Tolerance 96 5.5.5 Raffinose and Heat-stress Tolerance 97 5.6 Genetic Approaches/Strategies for Improving Thermotolerance 97 5.6.1 Genetically Modified Crop Production 97 5.6.2 Transgenic Strategies 99 5.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 102 References 103 6 Transcriptomics to Dissect Plant Responses to Heat Stress 117 Sagar Satish Datir 6.1 Introduction 117 6.1.1 Transcriptome Sequencing and Expression Profiling of Genes Involved in Heat Stress Response 119 6.1.1.1 Rice (Oryza sativa L.) 119 6.1.1.2 Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) 123 6.1.1.3 Maize (Zea mays L.) 125 6.1.1.4 Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) and Ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) 126 6.1.1.5 Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) 128 6.1.1.6 Brassica rapa L. 129 6.1.1.7 Banana (Musa acuminate Colla) 130 6.2 Conclusions 131 References 132 7 Proteomics as a Tool for Characterizing the Alteration in Pathways Associated with Defense and Metabolite Synthesis 141 Reetika Mahajan and Sajad Majeed Zargar 7.1 Introduction 141 7.2 What Is Proteomics? 142 7.3 Need of Proteomics in Post-genomic Era 143 7.4 Different Branches of Proteomics 143 7.5 Techniques Used in Quantitative Proteomics 145 7.5.1 Gel-based and Gel-free Methods 146 7.5.2 Label-based and Label-free Methods 149 7.6 Role of Proteomics in Studying Alteration in Pathways Associated with Defense and Metabolite Synthesis 150 7.7 Conclusion and Future Perspective 156 References 156 8 RNA World and Heat Stress Tolerance in Plants 167 Usman Ijaz, Muhammad Amjad Ali, Habibullah Nadeem, Lin Tan, and Farrukh Azeem 8.1 Introduction 167 8.2 Plant microRNAs 168 8.3 Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) 177 8.4 Long Noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) 178 8.5 Circular RNAs (circRNAs) 179 8.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 180 References 180 9 Heat Shock Proteins: Master Players for Heat-stress Tolerance in Plants during Climate Change 189 Annu Yadav, Jitender Singh, Koushlesh Ranjan, Pankaj Kumar, Shivani Khanna, Madhuri Gupta, Vinay Kumar, Shabir Hussain Wani, and Anil Sirohi 9.1 Introduction 189 9.2 Classification of HSPs 192 9.2.1 HSP100 192 9.2.1.1 Structure of HSP100 192 9.2.1.2 Mode of Action: The HSP100 Chaperone Cycle 192 9.2.2 HSP90 195 9.2.2.1 Structure of HSP90 197 9.2.2.2 Mode of Action: The HSP90 Chaperone Cycle 197 9.2.3 HSP70 198 9.2.3.1 Structure of HSP70 198 9.2.3.2 Mode of Action: The Hsp70 Chaperone Cycle 198 9.2.4 HSP60 199 9.2.4.1 Structure of HSP60 201 9.2.4.2 Mode of Action: The Hsp60 Chaperone Cycle 201 9.2.5 The Small Heat Shock Protein Family (sHSPs) 202 9.2.5.1 Structure of sHSP 202 9.2.5.2 Mode of Action: Small Heat Shock Proteins 203 9.3 HSPs Expression Under Heat Stress Condition 203 9.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects 205 References 205 10 The Contribution of Phytohormones in Plant Thermotolerance 213 Sonal Mishra, Mansi Bhardwaj, Shakti Mehrotra, Aksar Ali Chowdhary, and Vikas Srivastava 10.1 Introduction 213 10.2 Protectants in Heat Stress Alleviation 215 10.2.1 Osmolytes 215 10.2.2 Nutrients 215 10.2.3 Signaling Molecules 217 10.2.4 Polyamines 217 10.2.5 Phytohormones 218 10.3 Application of Hormones in HT Management 218 10.3.1 Auxin 219 10.3.2 Gibberellin 221 10.3.3 Cytokinin 222 10.3.4 Abscisic Acid 224 10.3.5 Ethylene 225 10.3.6 Salicylic Acid 225 10.3.7 Jasmonic Acid 227 10.3.8 Brassinosteroid 228 10.4 Conclusion and Prospects 229 Acknowledgements 229 References 230 11 Exploring In-built Defense Mechanisms in Plants under Heat Stress 239 Giridara Kumar Surabhi and Jatindra Kumar Seth 11.1 Introduction 239 11.2 Effect of Heat Stress on Crop Plants 240 11.2.1 Heat Stress Effects on Physiology and Cell Structures 241 11.2.2 Heat Stress Effects on Vegetative Stages 242 11.2.3 Heat Stress Effects on Reproductive Stage 243 11.2.4 Heat Stress Effects on Yield 243 11.3 Threshold Temperature 244 11.4 In-built Defense System in Plants to Overcome High Temperature Stress 245 11.4.1 Accumulation of Thermoprotectants 245 11.4.1.1 Heat Shock Proteins (HSPs) 245 11.4.1.2 Proline 246 11.4.1.3 Glycinebetaine (GB) 248 11.4.1.4 Abscisic Acid (ABA) 249 11.4.1.5 Salicylic Acid (SA) 250 11.4.1.6 Heat Stress Effects on Secondary Metabolism 255 11.4.2 Transcriptional Regulation 256 11.4.3 Role of Small RNAs (miRNAs) in Heat-stress Tolerance 258 11.5 Conclusion 261 Acknowledgement 262 References 263 Index 283

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