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Outline xix Preface xxiii Section I The Environment 1 Part I The Environment - Natural, Ecological and Historical (Topography) 3 1 Natural Sites and Places 5 1.1 Nature and Landscape 5 1.2 Natural Places and Characteristics 5 1.3 Creation of Man-Made Places 6 1.4 Existential Space and Place 7 1.5 Natural Landscape and Sensing 9 Further Reading 10 2 Ecological and Climatic Context and Basic Protection Needs 11 2.1 Primitive Needs 11 2.2 Climatic Zones and Natural Materials for Shelter 11 2.3 Shelter Types, Uses and Purposes 13 2.4 Socio-Cultural Factors and Human Needs 14 2.5 Theory of Human Needs 15 Exhibit 2.1 Basic Human Needs 18 Further Reading 19 3 Historical and Regional Development 21 3.1 Historic Eras and Development 21 3.2 Regional Variations, Early Cultures and Settlements 22 3.3 Topography, Climate and Materials - Form Determinants 23 Exhibit 3.1 Individual Dwelling Types 24 Further Reading 27 Section II Human Behaviour and Design 29 Part II Human Behaviour (Neuro-Physiology) 31 4 The Brain, the Mind and Sensing 33 4.1 The Brain and Neurological Systems - Seeing, Touching and Hearing 33 4.2 Seeing - Visual Processing and Memory 33 4.3 Touching and Hearing 35 4.4 The Mind - Mental Learning and Thinking - Cognition 36 4.5 The Mind - Visceral Feelings - Emotion and Motivation 38 4.6 Consciousness and Self 39 4.7 Human Body and the Sensing of Form 40 4.8 Meaning, Intentionality and Imagination 41 4.9 Metaphor and Consciousness 42 Exhibit 4.1 The Human Brain - Neurological Sensing 45 Further Reading 52 5 The Eyes and the Visual System 55 5.1 Visual Perception 55 5.2 Visual World and Visual Field 57 5.3 Visual Perception and Affordances 61 5.4 Perceptual Experience - Visual System 62 5.5 Visual System and Optic Arrays 63 5.6 Recognition, Eye Movements and Analogue Theory 65 Exhibit 5.1 The Human Eye 66 Exhibit 5.2 Affordances 72 Exhibit 5.3 Perspective - Sensory Shifts 73 Further Reading 74 6 The Senses 75 6.1 The System of Senses 75 6.2 The Senses 76 6.3 Further Senses 78 6.4 The Senses and Multi-Sensory Experience 81 6.5 Multi-Sensory Emotions, Feelings and Aspirations 83 6.6 Pleasure 85 Exhibit 6.1 The Human Ear 86 Exhibit 6.2 The Human Senses 88 Further Reading 89 Part III Perceptual Experience of Form (Psychology and Phenomenology) 91 7 Aesthetic Theories and Perception of Built Form 93 7.1 Perception 93 7.2 Theories of Perception 93 7.3 Schematisation and Phenomena 94 7.4 Equilibrium, Wholes and Re-centring 96 7.5 Parts and the ’Whole’ 96 7.6 Perceptual Properties 98 7.7 Perception of Form 98 7.8 Psychology of Form 99 7.9 Dynamics of Space 100 7.10 Perception and Cognition 102 7.11 Meaning and Symbols 104 7.12 Synopsis - Perceptual Experience 106 Exhibit 7.1 Principles of Configuration 108 Exhibit 7.2 Perspective 111 Further Reading 113 Part IV Grammar and Syntax of Form, and Composition 115 8 Architectural Ordering, Composition, Form and Beauty 117 8.1 Order 117 8.2 Grammar of Design and Syntax 118 8.3 Composition and Characteristics 122 8.4 Rhythm and Harmony 124 8.5 Purposiveness 125 8.6 Objects and Arrangements 125 8.7 Composition and Type 126 8.8 Ways of Ordering 127 8.9 Objective Properties 129 Exhibit 8.1 Principles of Composition 130 Exhibit 8.2 Basic Rules of Composition for Order and Unity 132 Further Reading 140 Part V Planning and Design Process, and Programme Requirements (Methodology) 141 9 Design Framework, Methods and Approaches 143 9.1 Problem Formulation 143 9.2 Setting 143 9.3 Fitness and Fit 144 9.4 Self-Conscious Design Approach 145 9.5 Affordances and Behaviour Settings 146 9.6 Programme Requirements 146 9.7 Designing and Design Approaches 147 9.8 Design Process, Reflection and Appraisal 149 9.9 Intended Results and Evaluation 155 9.10 Design of ’Good’ Form 157 Exhibit 9.1 Nature of Design Requirements, Invention and Making 158 Exhibit 9.2 Modern Design Approach - Programme, Brief and Process 161 Further Reading 164 10 ’Pattern Language’ Approach 167 10.1 Form Language 167 10.2 Order and Life - ’Wholeness’ 169 10.3 Life-Creating Transformations of Centres 171 10.4 Language of Form 173 10.5 Fundamental Maxim - ’Unity’ of the ’Whole’ 175 Exhibit 10.1 Pattern Language - Properties 176 Exhibit 10.2 Rules of Scale in Order 180 Exhibit 10.3 Ambience 184 Exhibit 10.4 ’Well’ Building 186 Further Reading 188 Section III Form, Function and Fit 189 Part VI Form and Fit 191 11 Physical Built Form in Space 193 11.1 Form - Mass and Spatial Volume 193 11.2 Transformation of Form 193 11.3 Additive Form 194 11.4 Integration of Forms 196 11.5 Form and Space 196 11.6 Horizontal Planes 197 11.7 Vertical Planes 197 11.8 Architectural Space, Enclosures and Vistas 200 11.9 Spatial Qualities and Layout 201 11.10 Light, Sound and Atmospheric Qualities in Built Form 202 Exhibit 11.1 Principles of Articulation and Conjugation 204 Further Reading 205 12 Geometrical Layout and Organisation - Axes, Shapes and Repeating Patterns 207 12.1 Datum and Axes 207 12.2 Ordering Principles 207 12.3 Hierarchy and Scale 208 12.4 Rhythm and Repetition 208 12.5 Symmetry 208 12.6 Transformations 209 12.7 Generative Design Processes 211 12.8 Fractals 212 12.9 Other Forms of Geometry - Non-Euclidean 212 12.10 Patterns of Repeating Elements for Decoration 213 Exhibit 12.1 Principles in the Design of Decorative, Geometric and Motif Patterns 214 Further Reading 216 13 Proportion, Symmetry and Harmony 217 13.1 Proportion - History 217 13.2 Proportion and Physical Relationships 220 13.3 Symmetry 220 13.4 Human Proportions 222 13.5 Room Proportions 222 13.6 Regulating Lines 224 13.7 Latent Geometric Relationships 226 13.8 Good Proportioning 226 13.9 Anthropometrics and Human Factors 227 13.10 Scale 227 13.11 Harmony 228 13.12 Expressions of Form 229 Exhibit 13.1 Principles of Proportion and Symmetry 230 Exhibit 13.2 Types of Series, Proportion, Symmetry and Natural Growth 233 Exhibit 13.3 Principles of Rhythm and Harmony 249 Exhibit 13.4 Essay on Harmony as It Relates to Building - Robert Morris 251 Exhibit 13.5 Musical Harmony 252 Exhibit 13.6 Rhythm and Syncopation in Built Form by Era 257 Further Reading 258 Photos 259 14 Organisational Forms and Layout 261 14.1 Linear Organisation 261 14.2 Centralised Organisation 261 14.3 Radial Organisation 261 14.4 Grid 262 14.5 Clustered Organisation 263 14.6 Interior Enclosed Space 264 Exhibit 14.1 Principles of Organisation and Arrangement 265 Exhibit 14.2 The Modulor 267 Exhibit 14.3 Japanese Design Arrangements for Dwelling 271 Further Reading 272 15 Functional Purpose and Use of Space 275 15.1 Function 275 15.2 Utility, Significance and Purposefulness 275 15.3 Use, Activities and Spatial Requirements 275 15.4 Structural System and Components 276 15.5 Materials 277 15.6 Personal Space 278 15.7 Territoriality 279 15.8 Defensible Space 280 Exhibit 15.1 Principles of Function and Purpose 283 Exhibit 15.2 Purposiveness 285 Exhibit 15.3 Principles of Universal Design 286 Further Reading 286 16 Circulation, Plan and Elevation 287 16.1 Approach 287 16.2 Entrance 287 16.3 Dynamic Spatial Experience 288 16.4 Configuration for Communication 289 16.5 Access Paths 289 16.6 Internal Circulation 289 16.7 Stairs and Staircases 290 16.8 Built Section 290 Exhibit 16.1 Principles of Communication and Circulation 292 Further Reading 293 17 Colour and Contrast 295 17.1 Light and Spectrum 295 17.2 Colour Pigments 295 17.3 Pigments for Printing 297 17.4 Complementary Colours 299 17.5 Features of Colour 300 17.6 Colour Circle, Sphere and Star 303 17.7 Perceptual Basis of Colour 304 17.8 Colour Interaction 307 17.9 Colour Serialisation 308 Exhibit 17.1 Principles of Colour and Contrast 309 Exhibit 17.2 Colour Parameters and Principles 311 Exhibit 17.3 Contrast in Colour 317 Further Reading 319 Part VII Building Structure and Types 321 18 Structure 323 18.1 Beginnings 323 18.2 Laws of Nature 323 18.3 Lateral Stability 324 18.4 Materials 324 18.5 Design Methods 325 18.6 Connections and Jointing 325 18.7 Structural Types 326 18.8 Maintainability and Sustainability 328 18.9 Generative Parametrics 328 18.10 Resiliency 328 Exhibit 18.1 Principles of Structure 329 Further Reading 331 Photos 331 Section IV Built and Urban Form 335 Part VIII ’Good’ Practice - Built Form 337 19 Buildings and Dwellings 339 19.1 Space and Human Interaction 339 19.2 Creation of ’Place’ 340 19.3 ’Good’ Building 341 19.4 Built Form Determinants 342 19.5 Re-Use 345 19.6 Use Types of Buildings 346 19.7 Goals of ’Good’ Built Form 347 Exhibit 19.1 Principles of Assembly - Built Form 349 Exhibit 19.2 Selective Modern ’Good’ Building Practice by Use Type 352 Exhibit 19.3 Examples of Built Type Forms 354 Exhibit 19.4 Modern Movements and Practitioners 358 Exhibit 19.5 Iconic Modern Buildings 360 Exhibit 19.6 Modern Iconic US Buildings 365 Further Reading 368 Photos 368 Part IX ’Good’ Practice - Urban Form 375 20 Urban Form 377 20.1 Form Determinants in Urban Settlements - Natural and Man-Made Features 377 20.2 Historical Developments 379 20.3 Different Regional and Cultural Typologies 381 20.4 Multi-Nucleus and Mixed Development 383 20.5 Modern Developments 385 20.6 Elements of Urban Form 386 20.7 Legibility 388 20.8 Organisation 389 20.9 Life Space and Topology 391 20.10 Urban Form and Life 391 20.11 Layout of Urban Neighbourhoods 393 20.12 Development 395 20.13 ’Good’ City Form 396 20.14 Urban ’Open’ Forms 398 20.15 Goals of ’Good’ Urban Form 398 Exhibit 20.1 Principles of Emplacement - Urban Form 400 Exhibit 20.2 Urban Space Requirements 403 Exhibit 20.3 Selective Modern ’Good’ Urbanistic Practice 406 Exhibit 20.4 Urban Type Forms by Use Purpose 410 Further Reading 411 Photos 412 Summary 419 Bibliography 423 Appendices - Part I 433 Appendix I.3.1 Ancient Settings - Europe, Near East, Asia and Americas 435 I.3.1.1 Neolithic Age 10 000-3000 BC - Mid East and Europe 435 I.3.1.2 Bronze Age 3000-1000 BC - Europe and Mid East 436 I.3.1.3 Ancient Iron Age 1000 BC to 0 AD - Mid East 437 I.3.1.4 Early Age 0-1000 AD - Europe and Mid East 439 I.3.1.5 Mesoamerica to 1500 AD 440 I.3.1.6 North America to 1500 AD 440 I.3.1.7 Asia and the Orient to 1500 AD 441 I.3.1.8 Africa to 1500 AD 443 I.3.1.9 Europe - Mediaeval Cities After 1000 AD 443 Further Reading 444 Photos 444 Appendix I.3.2 Ancient City Places 449 Further Reading 451 Appendices - Part II 453 Appendix II.6.1 Feelings of Space and Form in the Environment 455 II.6.1.1 Natural Light 455 II.6.1.2 Movement 455 II.6.1.3 Complementarity of Form 456 II.6.1.4 Balance 457 II.6.1.5 Individuality 457 II.6.1.6 Opaque Geometry and Occlusion 457 II.6.1.7 Sense of Spatial Perception 458 II.6.1.8 Form Sensing 459 Further Reading 459 Appendix II.6.2 Artificial Perception 461 Further Reading 462 Appendices - Part IV 463 Appendix IV.8.1 ’The Classical Orders’ 465 IV.8.1.1 The Orders 465 IV.8.1.2 Tuscan 467 IV.8.1.3 Doric 467 IV.8.1.4 Ionic 467 IV.8.1.5 Corinthian 467 IV.8.1.6 Composite 468 IV.8.1.7 Entasis 469 IV.8.1.8 Composition 469 IV.8.1.9 Language - Elements of Architecture 470 Further Reading 471 Photos 471 Appendix IV.8.2 Aesthetic Judgement and Beauty 473 IV.8.2.1 Utility and Delight 473 IV.8.2.2 Qualities 473 IV.8.2.3 Beauty 474 IV.8.2.4 Assessment of Beauty 475 IV.8.2.5 Interest and State of ’Disinterestedness’ 476 IV.8.2.6 Form and Elegance 476 IV.8.2.7 Aesthetic Theories and Self-Conscious Design 478 IV.8.2.8 Sense of Beauty as Described in Different Eras 478 Further Reading 481 Appendices - Part V 483 Appendix V.9.1 Design Methods - Comparative Historical Design Approaches and Pedagogy 485 V.9.1.1 Classical Design 486 V.9.1.2 Renaissance Design 486 V.9.1.3 European Design Methods 487 V.9.1.4 Modern International Design Methods 491 V.9.1.5 Purist Design 493 V.9.1.6 Rational Geometric Design 496 V.9.1.7 Organicist Design 497 V.9.1.8 Modern Design Methods and Systems Approach 500 V.9.1.9 Generative Computerised Design 502 Further Reading 504 Appendix V.10.1 Pattern Language - Design and Human Needs (Illustration) 505 Further Reading 508 Appendices - Part VI 509 Appendix VI.13.1 Decoration - Patterns, Features, Motifs and Geometrics of Repeating Elements 511 VI.13.1.1 Decoration - Materials, Methods and Techniques 511 VI.13.1.2 Features 512 VI.13.1.3 Pattern Groups - Floral, Figurative, Geometric and Representational 512 VI.13.1.4 Pattern Arrangements - Lattices, Powdering, Borders and Features 514 VI.13.1.5 Emergent Forms 517 VI.13.1.6 Special Motifs and Symbols 521 Further Reading 524 Appendix VI.13.2 Ornament in Earlier Times and Historic Era 525 VI.13.2.1 Antiquity 525 VI.13.2.2 Mediaeval 526 VI.13.2.3 The Renaissance 527 VI.13.2.4 Recent 527 VI.13.2.5 ’General principles in the arrangement of form and colour in architecture and the decorative arts’, - The Grammar of Ornament - Owen Jones 529 VI.13.2.6 Moresque Principles of Ornament - Owen Jones 531 Further Reading 534 Appendices - Part VIII 535 Appendix VIII.19.1 Building Materials and House Types in Vernacular Britain 537 VIII.19.1.1 Walling 537 VIII.19.1.2 Roofing 540 VIII.19.1.3 Types - Plan and Section 542 Further Reading 546 Photos 547 Appendix VIII.19.2 Building Elements and Features 553 VIII.19.2.1 Floors, Walls and Ceilings 553 VIII.19.2.2 Windows and Doors 554 VIII.19.2.3 Mouldings 554 VIII.19.2.4 Assembly 555 Further Reading 555 Photos 556 Appendix VIII.19.3 Architectural Styles, Periods and Practitioners 565 VIII.19.3.1 Western Architecture 565 VIII.19.3.2 Religious Periods 566 VIII.19.3.3 Composition Methods - Theorists and Key Practitioners by Era 567 Appendix VIII.19.4 Historic Ecclesiastic and Civic Buildings; Geometric Modern and Iconic Modern US Buildings 569 VIII.19.4.1 Historic Ecclesiastical Buildings 569 VIII.19.4.2 Historic Civic Buildings 571 Photos 574 VIII.19.4.3 Modern Geometric Buildings 581 VIII.19.4.4 Modern Iconic Tower Buildings 588 Appendices - Part IX 593 Appendix IX.20.1 Urban Places 595 IX.20.1.1 Urban City Form - Historic Places 595 IX.20.1.2 Modern 20th Century Places 598 Appendix IX.20.2 Sustaining Principles 601 IX.20.2.1 ’Ten Theses on Architecture’ - Rob Krier 601 IX.20.2.2 ’Ten Principles on Which We Can Build’ - HRH The Prince of Wales 602 IX.20.2.3 ’The Hannover Principles’ - Expo 2000World Fair, William McDonough 603 IX.20.2.4 ’One Planet - Living Communities Programme’ 604 IX.20.2.5 Biophilic Design Principles 605 Further Reading 610 Appendix IX.20.3 Urban Settlement Models and Patterns 611 IX.20.3.1 Urban Form and Use Types 611 IX.20.3.2 Urban Layout Principles 613 IX.20.3.3 Organising Features 614 IX.20.3.4 Building Form Types 616 Index 617

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