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Translators Note ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Preface Introduction 1 NAVIGATION: MARGARITAS FLIGHT Margaritas flight - Manuscripts dont burn. A writer in 1937 - Relief map of the city, locations, staging posts - Dramatis personae and their portrayal, dual characters - NKVD, the organization - People vanished from their apartments without trace - Sudden deaths, execution as spectacle - That cant be! 2 MOSCOW AS A CONSTRUCTION SITE: STALINS GENERAL PLAN IN ACTION Aleksandr Medvedkins New Moscow- A new cityscape: Stalins General Plan for the Reconstruction of Moscow - Moscow as a construction site: between demolition and new construction - Moscow beyond the Ring Roads - Human landscape, struggle for survival 3 A TOPOGRAPHY OF THE DISAPPEARED: THE MOSCOW DIRECTORY OF 1936 Snapshot of the status quo. Directories as documents of their age - Topography of power and other locations - Traces of the disappeared - Lists of people to be shot and the posthumous reconstruction of their addresses 4 THE CREATION OF ENEMIES: THE CRIMINAL PROSECUTION OF THE TROTSKYITE AND ZINOVIEVITE TERRORIST CENTRE 19-24 AUGUST 1936 World-historical criminal cases: the rhetoric of the first Moscow show trial - The echo of violence: how a latent civil war comes to be articulated in language - Double-dealers - The birth of the show trial from the spirit of lynch-law - The ideal enemy 5 TIRED OF THE EFFORT OF OBSERVING AND UNDERSTANDING: LION FEUCHTWANGERS MOSCOW 1937 A key scene in European intellectual history: Feuchtwangers meeting with Stalin - The impotence of the anti-fascist movement: how to generate a point of view - The end of the flâneur: journey in the shadow of the NKVD - The phenomenology of confusion and the creation of unambiguous meaning: credo quia absurdum - Leave-taking at Belorussky Station 6 INTHE GLARE OF BATTLE: SPAIN AND OTHER FRONTS Moscow maps: the scene is Spain - A world in meltdown, war scare - The Soviet nation as a patriotic fighting unit - Metastases: show trial in Barcelona, the NKVD abroad - Barcelona transfer: Moscow experiences 7 BLINDNESS AND TERROR: THE SUPPRESSED CENSUS OF 1937 A journey into the interior of society - 6 January 1937: snapshot of an empire - Ten years after the census of 1926: balance sheet after the Great Transformation - Self-analysis, self-education, data acquisition- The shock of the missing millions - Statistics as crime 8 A STAGE FOR THE HORRORS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION: THE SECOND MOSCOW SHOW TRIAL IN JANUARY 1937 Business-like atmosphere - The language of expert witnesses - The topography of the Five-Year Plan - Human sacrifice, nemesis, chorus - Postscript 9 A FEAST IN THE TIME OF PLAGUE. THE PUSHKIN JUBILEE OF 10 FEBRUARY 1937 The New York Times: All Russia was Pushkin-mad today - Comrade Pushkin: consecration of a classic - A feast in the time of plague: coded discourses - Platitudes of a new culture - Russian genius and Imperial rule 10 PUBLIC DEATH: ORDZHONIKIDZES SUICIDE AND DEATH RITES The shock: Sergo is dead - Escape into ritual - Suicide as a weapon - A hopeless situation and protest - Death as a group experience: speaking of death in times of mass murder 11 THE ENGINE ROOM OF THE YEAR 1937: THE FEBRUARY/MARCH PLENUM OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE A leadership at its wits end. The voice of panic - Testing the limits and exceeding them: the Party indicts Bukharin and Rykov - The shock: universal, free, secret elections - Audit report: ungovernability and fear of chaos - Wreckers at work in the NKVD - Dissolution of the Party and the creation of a new one - Setting the machinery in motion 12 MOSCOW IN PARIS: THE USSR PAVILION AT THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1937 The exhibition trail: a journey through the map of the Soviet Union - The theme park of Twentieth Century civilization - Marginal encounters 13 RED SQUARE: PARADE GROUND AND PLACE OF EXECUTION 14 CHOPIN CONCERT AND KILLING RITUAL. RADIO AND THE CREATION OF THE GREAT COMMUNITY Radiofikatsia: the two faces of progress - Radio as the background noise of the new age - The sphere of feelings - Radio listeners as citizens of the world - Stalin: the original soundtrack. The direction of the historical moment - Wreckers at work in the ether 15 SOVIET ART DECO. TIME PRESERVED IN STONE The First All-Union Congress of Architects, 16-26 June 1937 - Moscow as a building site - Chaos and stress - The Soviet universe as exhibition - The creation of a new style during a state of emergency - Closing speech: Frank Lloyd Wright 16 BROWN BODIES, GAILY COLOURED SHORTS: SPORTS PARADE The glorious beauty of young people - Fizkulturnik, Fizkulturnitsa: icons of the new age - Stalins tribe: Tableaux vivants in Red Square 17 WEALTH AND DESTRUCTION: THE SEVENTEENTH INTERNATIONAL GEOLOGY CONGRESS IN MOSCOW The emergence of Soviet geologists: science and the dream of an affluent nation - Pioneers the nation does not need: geologists as enemies of the people - Vladimir Vernadsky: A patriot without fear - Excursion to the Moscow-Volga Canal: science and slave labour 18 A CITY BY THE SEA. THE OPENING OF THE MOSCOW-VOLGA CANAL After the White Sea - Baltic Sea Canal: Stalins second arterial highway - A canal as a Gesamtkunstwerk: the aesthetics of a man-made riverscape - Dmitlag: the Gulag Archipelago at the gates of the capital. The parallel society of the camp zone - Perekovka/ Reforging: the laboratory of the new man - I have seen a country that has been transformed into one great camp 19 YEAR OF ADVENTURES 1937: A SOVIET ICARUS Triumphs, records: a city in a fever - Non-stop to America - The conquest of the Arctic - Twentieth-century adventures - Heroes of the age: Stalins aviators - There are thousands of dreamers like me - Bolshevik romanticism and terror 20 MOSCOW AS SHOP-WINDOW: THE ABUNDANCE OF THE WORLD, HUNGRY FOR GOODS AND DIZZY WITH HUNGER André Gide: On luxury and shortages - Advertisements, window displays: objects of desire and how to present them - Dizzy with hunger - A hopeless struggle: a nation of speculators -The queue as grapevine 21 OPEN SPACES, DREAM LANDSCAPES: CRUISING ON THE VOLGA, HOLIDAYING ON THE RED RIVIERA, CONSPIRACIES IN THE DACHAS 22 THE NATIONAL BOLSHEVIK NIKOLAY USTRYALOV: HIS RETURN HOME AND DEATH Returning home from exile: establishing contact with the new Russia - National Bolshevism and Stalins Socialism in One Country - The world of former people and 1937 - A double reading: a diary with comments by the NKVD 23 CELEBRATING THE OCTOBER REVOLUTION ON 7 NOVEMBER 1937 In the diplomats box - Conversations in the inner circle of power 24 A MINIATURE OF HIGH SOCIETY BEFORE THE MASSACRE The bombs come closer - Beau monde, illustrious society - Masked ball at the American Embassy - Interior with piano and nursemaid - Yezhovs salon: art and the secret police - Postscript: inventory of luxury and fashion 25 SOVIET HOLLYWOOD. MIRACLES AND MONSTERS Lenin in October: the Revolution corrected - The USSR as a land of film, picture palaces and stars - Mosfilm 1937: chaos in the film factory - Volga-Volga: directors as conspirators, actors as spies - Terror and good entertainment 26 DEATH IN EXILE Dimitrovs diary: a record of self-destruction - Vanishing point Moscow. Biotope - Foreign comrades - Vulnerability: world communism as world conspiracy - Lists, dossiers and card indexes 27 ARCADIA IN MOSCOW, STALINS LUNA PARK A centre of culture and rest - What a summer! - The locus of public opinion 28 AVTOZAVODTSY. THE WORKFORCE OFTHE STALIN CAR FACTORIES Shanghai: city of immigrants, city on the periphery - Ivan Likhachev, captain of industry - Factory patriotism: the factory as melting pot - Mass criticism or the orchestration of hatred and despair 29 DZHAZ. THE SOUND OF THE THIRTIES Dzhaz (Utyosov) - Songs for the masses (Dunayevsky) - Classical music (Shostakovich) 30 CHANGING FACES, CHANGING TIMES 31 AMERICA, AMERICA: THE OTHER NEW WORLD Ilya Ilf and Evgeny Petrovs journey to America - Special relations: Soviet Americanism and the New Deal - The American Way of Life in 1937 - Utopia as present-day reality 32 I KNOW OF NO OTHER COUNTRYÉ 1937 AND THE CREATION OF SOVIET SPACE The birth of the Soviet Union from the spirit of songs for the masses - Moscow as an image-making machine - Homogenizing labour: purges and the unity of the Soviet nation 33 THE BUTOVO SHOOTING RANGE. TOPOGRAPHY OF THE GREAT TERROR Looking for traces: the archaeology of the graveyard - Mass murder on the outskirts of the city - Sociology of the mass grave - Killing by quota. Order No. 00447 - World war, civil war 34 LONELY WHITE SAILÉ DREAMTIME, CHILDRENS WORLDS 35 YEZHOV AT THE BOLSHOI THEATRE. CELEBRATING 20 YEARS OF THE CHEKA At the heart of Moscow: power made visible - Celebratory speeches and music between the mass murders - Ovations for the executioners. Morituri salutant 36 BUKHARIN TAKES HIS LEAVE Bukharins final plea - The show trial: exercises in dialectics - The Lubyanka: prison as a production site - Letter to Koba - A Moscow childhood in 1900 37 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY MOSCOW AS A CITY ON THE ENEMY MAP 38 THE FOUNDATION PIT The imaginary centre. A support for the Empire - The dome that disappeared: Russian Byzantium - Labouring away at a vacuum. Fantasies of the building of the century - Rome, New York, Moscow. The genius of Boris Iofan - War, post-war, and the end of the state of emergency 39 INSTEAD OF AN EPILOGUE NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS INDEX

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