CHAPTER 1 -- POWER ELECTRONICS AND THE ENERGY REVOLUTION ; 1.1 The energy basis of electrical engineering; 1.2 What is power electronics?; 1.3 The need for electrical conversion; 1.4 History; 1.4.1 Rectifiers and the diode; 1.4.2 Inverters and power transistors; 1.4.3 Motor drive applications; 1.4.4 Power supplies and dc-dc conversion; 1.4.5 Alternative energy processing; 1.4.6 The energy future: Power electronics as a revolution; 1.4.7 Summary and future developments ; 1.5 Goals and methods of electrical conversion; 1.5.1 The basic objectives; 1.5.2 The efficiency objective -- the switch; 1.5.3 The reliability objective -- simplicity and integration; 1.5.4 Important variables and notation ; 1.6 Energy analysis of switching power converters; 1.6.1 Conservation of energy over time; 1.6.2 Energy flows and action in dc-dc converters; 1.6.3 Energy flows and action in rectifiers; 1.7 Power electronics applications: a universal energy enabler; 1.7.1 Solar energy architectures; 1.7.2 Wind energy architectures; 1.7.3 Tide and wave architectures; 1.7.4 Electric transportation architectures; 1.8 Recap; 1.9 Problems; 1.10 References; CHAPTER 2 -- SWITCHING CONVERSION AND ANALYSIS ; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Combining conventional circuits and switches; 2.2.1 Organizing a converter to focus on switches; 2.2.2 Configuration-based analysis; 2.2.3 The switch matrix as a design tool; 2.3 The reality of Kirchhoff’s Laws; 2.3.1 The challenge of switching violations; 2.3.2 Interconnection of voltage and current sources; 2.3.3 Short-term and long-term violations; 2.3.4 Interpretation of average inductor voltage and capacitor current; 2.3.5 Source conversion; 2.4 Switching functions and applications; 2.5 Overview of switching devices; 2.5.1 Real switches; 2.5.2 The restricted switch; 2.5.3 Typical devices and their functions; 2.6 Methods for diode switch circuits; 2.7 Control of converters based on switch action; 2.8 Equivalent source methods; 2.9 Simulation; 2.10 Summary and recap; 2.11 Problems; 2.12 References; PART II: CONVERTERS AND APPLICATIONS; CHAPTER 3 -- DC-DC CONVERTERS ; 3.1 The importance of dc-dc conversion; 3.2 Why not voltage dividers?; 3.3 Linear regulators; 3.3.1 Regulator circuits; 3.3.2 Regulation measures; 3.4 Direct dc-dc converters and filters; 3.4.1 The buck converter; 3.4.2 The boost converter; 3.4.3 Power filter design; 3.4.4 Discontinuous modes and critical inductance; 3.5 Indirect dc-dc converters; 3.5.1 The buck-boost converter; 3.5.2 The boost-buck converter; 3.5.3 The flyback converter; 3.5.4 SEPIC, zeta, and other indirect converters; 3.5.5 Power filters in indirect converters; 3.5.6 Discontinuous modes in indirect converters; 3.6 Forward converters and isolation; 3.6.1 Basic transformer operation; 3.6.2 General considerations in forward converters; 3.6.3 Catch-winding forward converter; 3.6.4 Forward converters with ac links; 3.6.5 Boost-derived (current-fed) forward converters ; 3.7 Bidirectional converters; 3.8 Dc-dc converter design issues and examples; 3.8.1 The high-side switch challenge; 3.8.2 Limitations of resistive and forward drops; 3.8.3 Regulation; 3.8.4 A solar interface converter; 3.8.5 Electric truck interface converter; 3.8.6 Telecommunications power supply; 3.9 Application discussion; 3.10 Recap; 3.11 Problems; 3.12 References; CHAPTER 4 -- RECTIFIERS AND SWITCHED CAPACITOR CIRCUITS ; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Rectifier overview; 4.3 The classical rectifier -- operation and analysis; 4.4 Phase controlled rectifiers; 4.4.1 The uncontrolled case.; 4.4.2 Controlled bridge and midpoint rectifiers; 4.4.3 The polyphase bridge rectifier; 4.4.4 Power filtering in rectifiers; 4.4.5 Discontinuous mode operation; 4.5 Active rectifiers; 4.5.1 Boost rectifier; 4.5.2 Discontinuous mode flyback and related converters as active rectifiers; 4.5.3 Polyphase active rectifiers; 4.6 Switched-capacitor converters; 4.6.1 Charge exchange between capacitors; 4.6.2 Capacitors and switch matrices; 4.6.3 Doublers and voltage multipliers; 4.7 Voltage and current doublers; 4.8 Converter design examples; 4.8.1 Wind-power rectifier; 4.8.2 Power system control and HVDC; 4.8.3 Solid-state lighting; 4.8.4 Vehicle active battery charger; 4.9 Application discussion; 4.10 Recap; 4.11 Problems; 4.12 References; CHAPTER 5 -- INVERTERS ; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Inverter considerations; 5.3 Voltage-sourced inverters and control; 5.4 Pulse-width modulation; 5.4.1 Introduction; 5.4.2 Creating PWM waveforms; 5.4.3 Drawbacks of PWM; 5.4.4 Multi-level PWM; 5.4.5 Inverter input current under PWM; 5.5 Three-phase inverters and space vector modulation; 5.6 Current-sourced inverters; 5.7 Filters and inverters; 5.8 Inverter design examples; 5.8.1 Solar power interface; 5.8.2 Uninterruptible power supply; 5.8.3 Electric vehicle high-performance drive; 5.9 Application discussion; 5.10 Recap; 5.11 Problems; 5.12 References; PART III: REAL COMPONENTS AND THEIR EFFECTS; CHAPTER 6 -- REAL SOURCES AND LOADS ; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Real loads; 6.2.1 Quasi-steady loads; 6.2.2 Transient loads; 6.2.3 Coping with load variation -- dynamic regulation; 6.3 Wire inductance; 6.4 Critical values and examples; 6.5 Interfaces for real sources; 6.5.1 Impedance behavior of sources; 6.5.2 Interfaces for dc sources; 6.5.3 Interfaces for ac sources ; 6.6 Source characteristics of batteries; 6.6.1 Lead-acid cells; 6.6.2 Nickel batteries; 6.6.3 Lithium-ion batteries; 6.6.4 Basis for comparison; 6.7 Source characteristics of fuel cells and solar cells; 6.7.1 Fuel cells; 6.7.2 Solar cells; 6.8 Design examples; 6.8.1 Wind farm interconnection problems; 6.8.2 Bypass capacitor benefits; 6.8.3 Interface for a boost PFC active rectifier; 6.8.4 Lithium-ion battery charger for a small portable device; 6.9 Application discussion; 6.10 Recap; 6.11 Problems; 6.12 References; CHAPTER 7 -- CAPACITORS AND RESISTORS ; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Capacitors -- types and equivalent circuits; 7.2.1 Major types; 7.2.2 Equivalent circuit; 7.2.3 Impedance behavior; 7.2.4 Simple dielectric types and materials; 7.2.5 Electrolytics; 7.2.6 Double-layer capacitors ; 7.3 Effects of ESR; 7.4 Effects of ESL; 7.5 Wire resistance; 7.5.1 Wire sizing; 7.5.2 Traces and busbar; 7.5.3 Temperature and frequency effects; 7.6 Resistors; 7.7 Design examples; 7.7.1 Single-phase inverter energy; 7.7.2 Paralleling capacitors in a low-voltage dc-dc converter; 7.7.3 Resistance management in a heat lamp application; 7.8 Application discussion; 7.9 Recap; 7.10 Problems; 7.11 References; CHAPTER 8 -- CONCEPTS OF MAGNETICS FOR POWER ELECTRONICS ; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 Maxwell’s equations with magnetic approximations; 8.3 Materials and properties; 8.4 Magnetic circuits; 8.4.1 The circuit analogy; 8.4.2 Inductance; 8.4.3 Ideal and real transformers ; 8.5 The hysteresis loop and losses; 8.6 Saturation as a design constraint; 8.6.1 Saturation limits; 8.6.2 General design considerations ; 8.7 Design examples; 8.7.1 Core materials and geometries; 8.7.2 Additional discussion of transformers; 8.7.3 Hybrid car boost inductor; 8.7.4 Building-integrated solar energy converter; 8.7.5 Isolated converter for small satellite application; 8.8 Application discussion; 8.9 Recap; 8.10 Problems; 8.11 References; CHAPTER 9 -- POWER SEMICONDUCTORS IN CONVERTERS ; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 Switching device states; 9.3 Static models; 9.4 Switch energy losses and examples; 9.4.1 General analysis of losses; 9.4.2 Losses during commutation; 9.4.3 Examples ; 9.5 Simple heat transfer models for power semiconductors; 9.6 The PN junction as a power device; 9.7 PN junction diodes and alternatives; 9.8 The thyristor family; 9.9 Field-effect transistors; 9.10 Insulated-gate bipolar transistors; 9.11 Integrated gate-commutated thyristors and combination devices; 9.12 Impact of compound and wide bandgap semiconductors; 9.13 Snubbers; 9.13.1 Introduction; 9.13.2 Lossy turn-off snubbers; 9.13.3 Lossy turn-on snubbers; 9.13.4 Combined and lossless snubbers ; 9.14 Design examples; 9.14.1 Boost converter for disk drive; 9.14.2 Loss estimation for electric vehicle inverter; 9.14.3 Extreme performance devices; 9.15 Application discussion; 9.16 Recap; 9.17 Problems; 9.18 References; CHAPTER 10 -- INTERFACING WITH POWER SEMICONDUCTORS ; 10.1 Introduction; 10.2 Gate drives; 10.2.1 Overview; 10.2.2 Voltage-controlled gates; 10.2.3 Pulsed-current gates; 10.2.4 Gate turn-off thyristors ; 10.3 Isolation and high-side switching; 10.4 P-channel applications and shoot-through; 10.5 Sensors for power electronic switches; 10.5.1 Resistive sensing; 10.5.2 Integrating sensing functions with the gate drive; 10.5.3 Noncontact sensing; 10.6 Design examples; 10.6.1 Gate consideration on dc-dc-based battery charger; 10.6.2 Gate drive impedance requirements; 10.6.3 Hall sensor accuracy interpretation; 10.7 Application discussion; 10.8 Recap; 10.9 Problems; 10.10 References; PART IV: CONTROL ASPECTS; CHAPTER 11 -- OVERVIEW OF FEEDBACK CONTROL FOR CONVERTERS ; 11.1 Introduction; 11.2 The regulation and control problem; 11.2.1 Introduction; 11.2.2 Defining the regulation problem; 11.2.3 The control problem ; 11.3 Review of feedback control principles; 11.3.1 Open-loop and closed-loop control; 11.3.2 Block diagrams; 11.3.3 System gain and Laplace transforms; 11.3.4 Transient response and frequency domain; 11.3.5 Stability ; 11.4 Converter models for feedback; 11.4.1 Basic converter dynamics; 11.4.2 Fast switching models; 11.4.3 Piecewise-linear models; 11.4.4 Discrete-time models ; 11.5 Voltage-mode and current-mode controls for dc-dc converters; 11.5.1 Voltage-mode control; 11.5.2 Current-mode control; 11.5.3 Sensorless current mode and flux controls; 11.5.4 Large-signal issues in voltage-mode and current-mode control ; 11.6 Comparator-based controls for rectifier systems; 11.7 Proportional and proportional-integral control applications; 11.8 Design examples; 11.8.1 Voltage mode control and performance; 11.8.2 Feedforward compensation; 11.8.3 Electric vehicle control setup; 11.9 Application discussion; 11.10 Recap; 11.11 Problems; 11.12 References; CHAPTER 12 -- CONTROL MODELING AND DESIGN ; 12.1 Introduction; 12.2 Averaging methods and models; 12.2.1 Formulation of averaged models; 12.2.2 Averaged circuit models ; 12.3 Small-signal analysis and linearization; 12.3.1 The need for linear models; 12.3.2 Obtaining linear models; 12.3.3 Generalizing the process ; 12.4 Control and control design based on linearization; 12.4.1 Transfer functions; 12.4.2 Control design - Introduction; 12.4.3 Compensation and filtering; 12.4.4 Compensated feedback examples; 12.4.5 Challenges for control design ; 12.5 Design examples; 12.5.1 Boost converter control example; 12.5.2 Buck converter design example with current-mode control; 12.5.3 Buck converter with voltage mode control; 12.6 Application discussion; 12.7 Recap; 12.8 Problems; 12.9 References; PART V: ADVANCED TOPICS; CHAPTER 13 -- AC-AC CONVERSION ; 13.1 Introduction; 13.2 Ac regulators and integral cycle control; 13.2.1 SCR and triac-based ac regulators; 13.2.2 Integral cycle control; 13.3 Frequency matching conditions; 13.4 Matrix converters; 13.4.1 Slow-switching frequency converters: The choice fin - fout; 13.4.2 Unrestricted frequency converters: The choice fswitch = fin + fout; 13.4.3 Unifying the direct switching methods: linear phase modulation ; 13.5 The cycloconverter; 13.6 PWM ac-ac conversion; 13.7 Dc link converters; 13.8 Ac link converters; 13.9 Design examples; 13.9.1 Heater control with triac ac regulator; 13.9.2 Matrix converter; 13.9.3 Link converter; 13.10 Application discussion; 13.11 Recap; 13.12 Problems; 13.13 References; CHAPTER 14 -- RESONANCE IN CONVERTERS ; 14.1 Introduction; 14.2 Review of resonance; 14.2.1 Characteristic equations; 14.2.2 Step function excitation; 14.2.3 Series resonance; 14.2.4 Parallel resonance ; 14.3 Soft switching techniques -- introduction; 14.3.1 Soft-switching principles; 14.3.2 Inverter configurations; 14.3.3 Parallel capacitor as a dc-dc soft switching element ; 14.4 Soft switching in dc-dc converters; 14.4.1 Description of quasi-resonance; 14.4.2 ZCS transistor action; 14.4.3 ZVS transistor action ; 14.5 Resonance used for control -- forward converters; 14.6 Design examples; 14.6.1 Limitations of antiresonant filters; 14.6.2 Creating an ac link for a dc-dc converter; 14.6.3 Resonant boost converter for solar application; 14.7 Application discussion; 14.8 Recap; 14.9 Problems; 14.10 References; CHAPTER 15 -- HYSTERESIS AND GEOMETRIC CONTROL FOR POWER CONVERTERS ; 15.1 Introduction; 15.2 Hysteresis control; 15.2.1 Definition and basic behavior; 15.2.2 Hysteresis control in dc-dc converters; 15.2.3 Hysteresis power factor correction control; 15.2.4 Inverters; 15.2.5 Design approaches ; 15.3 Switching boundary control; 15.3.1 Behavior near a switching boundary; 15.3.2 Possible behavior; 15.3.3 Choosing a switching boundary ; 15.4 Frequency control in geometric methods; 15.5 Design examples; 15.5.1 Designing hysteresis controllers; 15.5.2 Switching boundary control combination for battery charging management; 15.5.3 Boost converter with switching boundary control; 15.6 Application discussion; 15.7 Recap; 15.8 Problems; 15.9 References; APPENDIX ; A. Trigonometric identities; B. Unit systems; C. Fourier series; D. Three-phase circuits; E. Polyphase graph paper; INDEX $ http://ukcatalogue.oup.com/product/9780199388424.do $ Electronics engineering
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