The proposed volume is a focused exploration of major areas of highly productive contemporary research in biocultural biological anthropology. Biocultural or biosocial anthropology is a research approach that views biology and culture as dialectically and inextricably intertwined, explicitly emphasizing the dynamic interaction between humans and their larger social, cultural, and physical environments. The biocultural approach emerged in anthropology in the 1960s, matured in the 1980s, and is now one of the dominant paradigms in anthropology, particularly within biological anthropology. The proposed volume gathers contributions from the top scholars in biocultural anthropology focusing on five of the most influential, productive, and important areas of research within biocultural anthropology. These topics are organized into five sections dealing with issues of race and racism; diet, nutrition and agriculture; bioarchaeology and ancient disease; reconstructions of social identity and gender, and the concept of epidemiologic transitions. Focusing on these five major areas of burgeoning research in biocultural anthropology makes the proposed volume timely, widely applicable and useful to scholars engaging in biocultural research and students interested in the biocultural approach, and synthetic in its coverage of contemporary scholarship in biocultural anthropology. Importantly, the text is focused on providing an understanding to students and scholars of where research and practice--theory, method, application, and data--in biocultural anthropology is right now and where the field is headed in the future. While texts promising to survey new directions in research often suffer from too wide of a scope, lacking clear connections uniting the contributions beyond the aim of capturing their diversity, the contributors--and therefore the focus of the contributions--to this volume all have a fundamental, uniting theme: all of the authors were mentored or academically trained by one of the foremost scholars in the biocultural approach, George Armelagos. This volume was borne of an invited session at the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (in 2013) convened to honor George Armelagoss scholarship, mentorship, and tremendous influence in the field of biological anthropology and the discipline of anthropology. Armelagos is one of anthropology and biological anthropologys most preeminent contemporary scholars and has had one of the single greatest influences on scholarship in biological anthropology and biocultural anthropology in the late 20th century, particularly in regards to theoretical and methodological understandings of human variation and adaptation, nutrition, health, and disease[1]. His students and mentees, all trained in the biocultural approach, have become internationally known, leading scholars in anthropology and biological anthropology and have produced groundbreaking research that has greatly determined the state of current research in biological anthropology, biocultural anthropology, and the discipline of anthropology as a whole, as well as the trajectory that anthropological research will take in the future. The sections of the volume reflect topics that are major areas of contemporary research in anthropology, biological anthropology, and biocultural anthropology and, as a reflection of Armelagoss overarching influence on contemporary anthropological scholarship, topics that his research and intellectual legacy has greatly influenced. Because of Armelagoss strong biocultural perspective, his vision and his ability to inspire research that takes innovative turns, the proposed volume is structured as a "new directions in biocultural anthropology" reader. The proposed volume is not a festschrift or conference proceedings but would be structured as a reader, intended to support, influence, and guide both contemporary and future scholarship in anthropology, biological anthropology, and biocultural anthropology.  To accomplish this, the proposed volume as primarily containing multiple short chapters (c. 5,000 words) organized into thematic sections that have a consistent structure: a discussion of theory and method relevant to a particular and then an application of these to an empirical case-study, supplemented by several chapters that provide focused literature reviews and explicit recommendations and best practice guidelines for future research. Contributions will consist of novel data and novel methods and theory or a revisiting of established data with novel theory and methods. Together, these themes would lend coherency across the volume, allow the volume to comprehensively address a set of topics, and explicitly demonstrate how theory and method can be applied to a diverse set of research questions and issues, informing contemporary scholarship and inspiring future work. In some ways, it would function as an update, revisiting, and revitalization of the issues raised by Goodman and Leatherman’s The Biocultural Synthesis (University of Michigan Press, 1998), which has been very popular (but is now 15 years out of date). The proposed volume would be of interest to those teaching biological anthropology as well as to graduate students seeking out new ideas and fresh applications of anthropological data to today’s pressing problems. It is being written flexibly enough that it could be used in advanced undergraduate classes as a reader in biocultural anthropology and applied anthropology. [1] This influence can be seen in the awards he has received recently: his selection in 2005 as a Viking Fund Medalist by the Wenner Gren Foundation, considered to be one of anthropologys highest honors; the Franz Boas Award for Exemplary Service to Anthropology from the American Anthropological Association in 2008; and the Charles Darwin Award for Lifetime Achievement to Biological Anthropology from the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in 2009.

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