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Dedication iii; Features of the Book iv; Preface vi; Brief Contents x; 1 Introduction 1; 1.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 1; 1.2 Characteristic Features of Microwaves 4; 1.3 Advantages of Microwaves 5; 1.4 Disadvantages of Microwaves 6; 1.5 Applications of Microwaves 6; 2 Transmission Line Theory 9; 2.1 Introduction 9; 2.2 Propagation of Voltages and Currents in Transmission Lines 11; 2.3 Transmission Line Parameters 12; 2.3.1 Per-unit-length Resistance (R) 12; 2.3.2 Per-unit-length Inductance (L) 13; 2.3.3 Per-unit-length Capacitance (C) and Conductance (G) 15; 2.4 Transmission Line Equations 18; 2.5 Solutions of Transmission Line Equations 21; 2.6 Reflection and Transmission Coefficients 27; 2.7 Standing Waves 31; 2.8 Input Impedance of Transmission Lines 40; 2.9 Attenuation and Distortion in Transmission Lines 49; 2.10 Power Transmission and Loss Characterization 54; 2.11 Other Transmission Line Models 56; 2.12 Field Theoretic Analysis of Coaxial Transmission Lines 56; 2.13 Field Theoretic Analysis of Parallel-plate Transmission Lines 59; 2.14 Smith Chart 62; 2.15 Transient Analysis of Transmission Lines 69; 2.16 Multi-conductor Transmission Lines 76; 2.17 RF Coaxial Connectors and Adaptors 78; 3 Transmission Line Matching Networks, Connectors, and Adapters 91; 3.1 Introduction 91; 3.2 Mismatch Losses in Transmission Lines 91; 3.3 Matching with Lumped Elements 92; 3.3.1 L-network 92; 3.3.2 Pi-network 97; 3.3.3 T-network 98; 3.4 Single-stub Matching 98; 3.5 Double-stub Matching 108; 3.6 Quarter-wave Transformers 115; 3.7 Theory of Small Reflections 121; 3.8 Multisection Transformers 122; 3.8.1 Binomial Multisection Matching Transformers 123; 3.8.2 Chebyshev Multisection Matching Transformers 127; 3.9 Tapered Lines 132; 3.9.1 Exponential Taper 134; 3.9.2 Triangular Taper 135; 3.9.3 Chebyshev/Klopfenstein Taper 137; 3.10 Synthesis of Transmission Line Tapers 139; 3.10.1 Transmission Line Tapers with Double Zeros at u = -2, -4, -6, . . . or Triangular Tapers 142; 3.10.2 Transmission Line Tapers with Zeros at u = -1, -2, -3, . . .or Exponential Tapers 144; 3.11 Bode-Fano Criterion 147; 4 Planar Transmission Lines 152; 4.1 Introduction 152; 4.2 General Analysis of Transverse Electric and Transverse Magnetic Modes 152; 4.2.1 TE Mode 157; 4.2.2 TM Mode 158; 4.3 Surface Waves on Grounded Dielectric Slab 159; 4.3.1 TE-mode Propagation 159; 4.3.2 TM-mode Propagation 165; 4.4 Strip Lines 170; 4.5 Microstrip Lines 180; 4.6 Coupled Microstrip Lines 189; 4.7 Suspended and Inverted Microstrip Lines 194; 4.8 Coplanar Waveguide and Coplanar Strip Line Structures 194; 4.9 Slot Line Structures 196; 4.10 Lumped Elements in Microstrips 196; 4.10.1 Inductors 196; 4.10.2 Capacitors 199; 4.10.3 Thin-film Resistors 199; 5 Waveguides and Finlines 202; 5.1 Introduction 202; 5.2 Formation of Waveguides from Two-wire Transmission Lines 203; 5.3 Parallel-plate Waveguides 204; 5.3.1 Propagation of TEM Waves 204; 5.3.2 Propagation of TE Waves 206; 5.3.3 Propagation of TM Waves 210; 5.4 Introduction to Rectangular Waveguides 215; 5.5 Propagation of TE Modes in Rectangular Waveguides 215; 5.6 Propagation of TM Modes in Rectangular Waveguides 221; 5.7 Cut-off Frequencies, Cut-off Wavelengths, and Degenerate Modes 226; 5.8 Dominant Mode in Rectangular Waveguides 230; 5.8.1 TE Mode 230; 5.8.2 TM Mode 230; 5.9 Physical Explanation for Wave Propagation in Rectangular Waveguides 231; 5.10 Guided Wavelengths 233; 5.11 Characteristic Impedances of TE and TM Modes 234; 5.12 Phase Velocity and Group Velocity 236; 5.13 Power Flow in Rectangular Waveguides 237; 5.14 Power-handling Capability of Waveguides 240; 5.15 Waveguide Attenuation 241; 5.16 Quality Factor Q of Waveguides 246; 5.17 Non-existence of TEM Modes in Hollow Waveguides 247; 5.18 Transmission Line Analogy of Waveguides 247; 5.18.1 TE Equivalent Model 247; 5.18.2 TM Equivalent Model 249; 5.19 Excitation of Modes in Rectangular Waveguides 251; 5.20 Waveguide Terminations 254; 5.20.1 Matched Termination 254; 5.20.2 Short Circuit 255; 5.20.3 Short-circuit Plunger 255; 5.20.4 Open Circuit 256; 5.21 Impedance Matching in Waveguides 257; 5.21.1 Irises 257; 5.21.2 Posts and Screws 259; 5.21.3 Waveguide Stubs 260; 5.21.4 Waveguide Quarter-wave Impedance Transformers 260; 5.21.5 Waveguide Tapers 261; 5.22 Waveguide Bends and Twists 261; 5.23 Waveguide Flanges 262; 5.23.1 Cover Flanges 262; 5.23.2 Choke Flanges 262; 5.24 Introduction to Circular Cylindrical Waveguides 263; 5.25 Propagation of TE Mode in Circular Waveguides 264; 5.26 Propagation of TM Mode in Circular Waveguides 269; 5.27 Mode Numbering System in Circular Waveguides 275; 5.28 Power Transmission in Circular Waveguides 275; 5.29 Excitation of Modes in Circular Waveguides 278; 5.30 Waveguide Mode Filters 278; 5.31 Waveguide Transition 279; 5.32 Waveguide Rotary Joints 279; 5.33 Comparison of Rectangular and Circular Waveguides 280; 5.34 Other Waveguides 281; 5.34.1 Ridge Waveguides 281; 5.34.2 Dielectric Rod Waveguides 282; 5.35 Advantages and Disadvantages of Waveguides 283; 5.36 Finlines 284; 6 Microwave Resonators 292; 6.1 Introduction 292; 6.2 Designing High-frequency Resonators 292; 6.3 Q-factor of Cavity Resonators 294; 6.4 Transmission Line Resonators 296; 6.4.1 Short-circuited Half-wavelength Transmission Line Resonators 296; 6.4.2 Short-circuited Quarter-wavelength Transmission Line Resonators 298; 6.4.3 Open-circuited Half-wavelength Transmission Line Resonators 299; 6.5 Waveguide Cavities 300; 6.5.1 Rectangular Waveguide Cavities 300; 6.5.2 Circular Waveguide Cavities 308; 6.6 Dielectric Resonators 314; 6.7 Coupled Cavities 316; 6.7.1 Reflection Cavities 316; 6.7.2 Transmission Cavities 317; 6.8 Re-entrant Cavities 318; 6.9 Hole and Slot Cavities 319; 6.10 Microstrip Resonators 320; 6.10.1 Half-wavelength Gap-coupled Microstrip Line Resonators 320; 6.10.2 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Resonators 320; 6.10.3 Circular Microstrip Patch Resonators 322; 6.10.4 Microstrip Ring Resonators 324; 6.11 Excitation of Resonators 325; 6.11.1 Gap-coupled Microstrip Resonators 326; 6.11.2 Aperture-coupled Cavities 329; 7 Microwave Network Representations 336; 7.1 Introduction 336; 7.2 Impedance and Equivalent Voltage and Current 337; 7.3 Impedance and Admittance Parameters 339; 7.4 Scattering Matrix 341; 7.5 Properties of Scattering Parameters for Reciprocal and Lossless Networks 344; 7.6 Generalized Scattering Parameters 348; 7.7 S Parameters of Two-port Networks with Mismatched Loads 349; 7.8 Transmission or ABCD matrix 350; 8 Microwave Power Dividers and Couplers 359; 8.1 Introduction 359; 8.2 T-junctions 359; 8.2.1 E-plane T-junctions 360; 8.2.2 H-plane T-junction 361; 8.3 Wilkinson Power Dividers 366; 8.4 Waveguide Magic T-junctions 370; 8.5 Rat-race Junctions 376; 8.6 Directional Couplers 377; 8.7 Bethe-hole Couplers 380; 8.8 Two-hole Directional Couplers 385; 8.9 Multi-hole Directional Couplers 386; 8.9.1 Binomial Response 388; 8.9.2 Chebyshev Response 388; 8.10 Quadrature (90DG) Hybrids 393; 8.11 Coupled-line Directional Couplers 394; 8.12 Multi-section Coupled-line Directional Couplers 399; 8.13 Lange Couplers 402; 8.14 Other Couplers and Power Dividers 404; 8.14.1 Moreno Crossed Guide Coupler 404; 8.14.2 Schwinger Reversed-phase Coupler 404; 8.14.3 Riblet Short-slot Coupler 405; 8.14.4 Ortho-modal Coupler 405; 8.14.5 Turnstile Junction 405; 9 Microwave Filters 409; 9.1 Introduction 409; 9.2 Periodic Structures 410; 9.3 Filter Parameters 415; 9.4 Lossless Ladder Network Synthesis 415; 9.5 Filter Design by Image Parameter Method 419; 9.5.1 Constant-k Filter Sections 422; 9.5.2 m-Derived Filter Sections 423; 9.5.3 Composite Filters 426; 9.6 Filter Design by Insertion Loss Method 427; 9.6.1 Maximally Flat Low-pass Filter Design 428; 9.6.2 Chebyshev Low-pass Filters 431; 9.6.3 Inverse Chebyshev Filters 433; 9.6.4 Elliptic Filters 433; 9.6.5 Linear Phase Filters 434; 9.7 Filter Transformations 435; 9.7.1 Impedance Scaling 435; 9.7.2 Frequency Scaling 435; 9.7.3 Low- to High-pass Transformation 436; 9.7.4 Low- to Band-pass Transformation 436; 9.7.5 Low-pass to Band-stop Transformation 437; 9.8 Filter Implementation 439; 9.8.1 Richard Transformation 440; 9.8.2 Kuroda Identity 440; 9.8.3 Impedance and Admittance Inverters 444; 9.9 Coupled Line Filters 449; 9.10 Coupled Resonator Filters 460; 9.10.1 Transmission Line Resonator Filters 460; 9.10.2 Capacitively Coupled Microstrip Resonator Filters 463; 9.11 Other Filters 466; 9.11.1 Stepped Impedance Low-pass Filters 466; 9.11.2 YIG Filters 467; 9.11.3 Quarter-wave Coupled Cavity Band-pass Filters 467; 9.11.4 Direct-coupled Cavity Waveguide Filters 467; 10 Microwave Non-reciprocal Devices 471; 10.1 Introduction 471; 10.2 Plane Wave Propagation in Infinitely Extended Ferrite Medium 472; 10.2.1 Propagation Along Direction of Bias 473; 10.2.2 Propagation Transverse to Bias 477; 10.3 Ferrite Isolators 478; 10.3.1 Resonance Isolator 479; 10.3.2 Field Displacement Isolator 480; 10.3.3 Faraday Rotator Isolator 480; 10.4 Ferrite Phase Shifters 481; 10.4.1 Non-reciprocal Latching Phase Shifter 481; 10.4.2 Reggia-Spencer Reciprocal Phase Shifter 481; 10.5 Ferrite Gyrators 482; 10.6 Ferrite Circulators 483; 10.6.1 Faraday Rotator Circulator 484; 10.6.2 Turnstile Junction Circulator 486; 10.7 Quarter- and Half-wave Plates 487; 10.8 Precision Differential Phase Shifters 491; 10.9 Precision Attenuators 493; 10.10 Other Phase Shifters and Attenuators 493; 10.10.1 Dielectric Phase Shifter 493; 10.10.2 Hybrid Phase Shifter 494; 10.10.3 Resistive Card Attenuator 494; 11 Microwave Linear Beam Tubes 497; 11.1 Introduction 497; 11.2 High-frequency Limitation of Conventional Tubes 498; 11.2.1 Lead Inductance and Inter-electrode Capacitance Effect 498; 11.2.2 Gain-Bandwidth Product Limitation 500; 11.2.3 RF Loss 501; 11.2.3.1 Transit Angle Effect 501; 11.3 Klystron Amplifiers 502; 11.4 Multi-cavity Klystrons 519; 11.5 Two-cavity Klystron Oscillators 525; 11.6 Reflex Klystrons 526; 11.7 Helix Travelling-wave Tubes 535; 11.8 Coupled-cavity Travelling-wave Tubes 548; 11.9 High-power Gridded Control Travelling-wave Tubes 549; 11.10 O-type Backward Wave Oscillators 551; 12 Microwave Crossed-field Tubes 557; 12.1 Introduction 557; 12.2 Magnetron Oscillators 558; 12.2.1 Cylindrical Magnetron 558; 12.2.2 Linear Magnetron 568; 12.2.3 Coaxial Magnetron 572; 12.2.4 Inverted Coaxial Magnetron 573; 12.2.5 Voltage Tunable Magnetron 575; 12.2.6 Frequency Agile Magnetron 576; 12.2.7 Rising-sun Magnetron 577; 12.2.8 Negative Resistance Magnetron 577; 12.3 Forward-wave Crossed-field Amplifiers 578; 12.4 Backward-wave Crossed-field Amplifiers 581; 12.5 Backward-wave Crossed-field Oscillators 582; 12.5.1 Linear M-carcinotron 583; 12.5.2 Circular M-carcinotron 583; 12.6 Gyrotrons 585; 13 Microwave Solid-state Diodes 590; 13.1 Introduction 590; 13.2 Tunnel and Backward Diodes 592; 13.3 GaAs Gunn Effect Diodes 599; 13.3.1 Ridley-Watkins-Hilsum Theory 599; 13.3.2 Formation and Properties of High-field Domain 603; 13.3.3 Modes of Operation 604; 13.3.3.1 Gunn Oscillator Mode 604; 13.3.3.2 Limited Space Charge Accumulation Mode 607; 13.3.3.3 Stable Amplification Mode 608; 13.3.3.4 Bias Circuit Oscillation Mode 608; 13.3.4 Construction and Equivalent Circuit of Gunn Diode 608; 13.3.5 Gunn Oscillator Circuit 609; 13.3.6 Applications of Gunn Diode 612; 13.3.7 Characteristics of Gunn Diode 613; 13.4 InP Diodes 613; 13.5 Read Diodes 614; 13.5.1 Operation of Read Oscillators 614; 13.5.2 Power and Efficiency of Read Diodes 616; 13.5.3 Other IMPATT Diodes 617; 13.5.3.1 Fabrication and Construction of p+-n-n+IMPATT Diodes 617; 13.5.3.2 Oscillator Arrangement for IMPATT Diodes 619; 13.5.3.3 Application of IMPATT Diodes 619; 13.5.3.4 Disadvantages of IMPATT Diodes 619; 13.5.3.5 Characteristics of IMPATT Diodes 620; 13.6 TRAPATT Diodes 620; 13.6.1 Characteristics 623; 13.7 BARITT Diodes 623; 13.7.1 Characteristics 625; 13.8 Schottky Barrier Diodes 626; 13.9 PIN Diodes 629; 13.10 Varactor Diodes 638; 13.11 Parametric Amplifiers 642; 13.11.1 Manley-Rowe Power Relation 643; 13.11.2 Linearized Equations for Parametric Amplifiers 647; 13.11.3 Parametric Up-converter 648; 13.11.4 Negative Resistance Parametric Amplifiers 654; 13.11.5 Comparison between Different Parametric Amplifiers 658; 13.11.6 Limitations 658; 13.12 Other Semiconductor Diodes 658; 13.12.1 Step Recovery Diodes 658; 13.12.2 Noise Diodes 659; 14 Microwave Solid-state Transistors and MASERs 663; 14.1 Introduction 663; 14.2 Bipolar Junction Transistors 665; 14.2.1 Physical Structure and Operation 665; 14.2.2 Transistor Biasing 667; 14.2.3 Important Parameters 668; 14.2.4 High-frequency Noise Characteristics 668; 14.2.5 Frequency Limitations 670; 14.2.6 Typical Characteristics 671; 14.3 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors 672; 14.3.1 Physical Structure 672; 14.3.2 Operating Principle 672; 14.3.3 Important Parameters 674; 14.3.4 High-frequency Noise Characteristics 675; 14.4 Junction Field Effect Transistors 675; 14.4.1 Physical Structure 676; 14.4.2 Important Parameters 676; 14.5 Metal-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors 678; 14.5.1 Physical Structure 679; 14.5.2 Important Parameters 680; 14.5.3 High-frequency Noise Characteristics 682; 14.6 High-electron-mobility Transistors 683; 14.6.1 Physical Structure 683; 14.6.2 Important Parameters 685; 14.6.3 High-frequency Noise Characteristics 686; 14.7 Metal-oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors 687; 14.7.1 Physical Structure 687; 14.7.2 Important Parameters 689; 14.8 Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation 691; 14.8.1 Ammonia MASER 691; 14.8.2 Ruby MASER 692; 15 Active Microwave Circuits and Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuit 696; 15.1 Introduction 696; 15.2 Detectors and Mixers 697; 15.2.1 Diode Rectifier 698; 15.2.2 Diode AM Detector 699; 15.2.3 Single-ended Mixer 701; 15.2.4 Balanced Mixer 704; 15.2.5 Image Rejection Mixer 707; 15.2.6 Double Balanced Mixer 708; 15.2.7 Anti-parallel Diode Mixer 708; 15.2.8 FET Mixers 709; 15.3 Stability and Gain of Amplifiers 713; 15.3.1 Power Gain 713; 15.3.2 Stability 720; 15.4 Single-stage Transistor Amplifier Design 728; 15.4.1 Design for Maximum Gain 728; 15.4.2 Design for Specified Gain 731; 15.4.3 Design of Low-noise Amplifiers 737; 15.5 Broadband Transistor Amplifier Design 741; 15.5.1 Balanced Amplifiers 742; 15.5.2 Distributed Amplifiers 743; 15.6 Oscillator Design 751; 15.6.1 One-port Negative-resistance Oscillators 751; 15.6.2 Dielectric Resonator Oscillators 752; 15.7 MMIC-Material, Growth, and Fabrication 753; 15.7.1 Diffusion and Ion Implantation 754; 15.7.2 Epitaxial Growth 754; 15.7.3 Lithography 755; 15.7.4 Etching and Photo Resist 755; 15.7.5 Deposition 755; 16 Microwave Propagation and Communication Systems 758; 16.1 Introduction 758; 16.2 Effect of Atmosphere on Propagation 760; 16.3 Ground Wave and Sky Wave Propagation 761; 16.4 Space Wave Propagation 763; 16.5 Scattering Propagation 768; 16.6 Duct Propagation 770; 16.7 Transmission Interference and Signal Damping 771; 16.7.1 Neighbouring Channel and Co-channel Interference 771; 16.7.2 Fading of Space Wave Signals 771; 16.8 Basic Microwave Communication Systems 774; 16.8.1 Amplitude-modulated Systems 774; 16.8.2 Frequency Division Multiplexed System 775; 16.8.3 Microwave Repeaters 775; 16.9 Satellite Communication 777; 16.9.1 Satellite Orbit 779; 16.9.2 Frequencies of Satellite Communication 780; 16.9.3 Satellite Altitude/Station Keeping 781; 16.9.4 Transmission Path 781; 16.9.5 Link Design-Friis Power Transmission Equation 782; 16.9.6 Ground Station 783; 16.9.7 Satellite Antenna 784; 16.10 Cellular Radio Systems 784; 17 RADAR and Other Applications of Microwave 788; 17.1 Introduction 788; 17.2 Simple RADAR Systems 791; 17.3 RADAR Range Equation 793; 17.4 RADAR System Losses 797; 17.5 Detection of Signals in Noise 798; 17.6 Doppler Effect and CW RADAR 800; 17.7 Multiple-frequency CW RADAR 803; 17.8 Frequency-modulated CW RADAR 805; 17.9 Moving Target Indicator RADAR 807; 17.10 Pulsed RADAR System 814; 17.11 RADAR Displays 817; 17.11.1 A-scope 818; 17.11.2 Planned Position Indicator Display 819; 17.11.3 B-scope Display 819; 17.11.4 C-scope Display 819; 17.11.5 D-scope Display 819; 17.12 Tracking with RADAR 820; 17.12.1 Sequential Lobing 822; 17.12.2 Conical Scan 822; 17.12.3 Simultaneous Lobing or Monopulse Tracking 824; 17.12.4 Track While Scan 827; 17.13 Electronic Countermeasure and Electronic Counter Countermeasure 828; 17.13.1 Noise Jamming 828; 17.13.2 Repeater Jamming 830; 17.13.3 Passive ECM 831; 17.14 Modern RADAR Systems 832; 17.15 Applications of RADAR 833; 17.16 Radiometry 834; 17.16.1 Total Power Radiometer 835; 17.16.2 Dicke Radiometer 836; 17.17 Other Applications of Microwave 837; 17.17.1 Microwave Heating 837; 17.17.2 Thickness Measurement 838; 17.17.3 Measurement of Wire Diameter 839; 17.17.4 Measurement of Thickness of Dielectric Sheet 840; 17.17.5 Moisture Content Measurement 840; 18 Microwave Antennas 845; 18.1 Introduction 845; 18.2 Radiation Mechanism 846; 18.3 Antenna Parameters 847; 18.3.1 Radiation Pattern 847; 18.3.2 Radiation Intensity 849; 18.3.3 Directive Gain and Directivity 849; 18.3.4 Power Gain 849; 18.3.5 Effective Area and Aperture Efficiency 850; 18.3.6 Antenna Efficiency 850; 18.3.7 Antenna Gain 850; 18.3.8 Effective Noise Temperature 851; 18.3.9 Antenna Polarization 851; 18.3.10 Antenna Impedance 851; 18.3.11 Bandwidth 851; 18.3.12 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power 851; 18.3.13 Space Loss 851; 18.4 Half-wave Dipole and Quarter-wave Monopole Antennas 852; 18.5 Loop Antennas 857; 18.6 Helical Antennas 859; 18.6.1 Normal Mode 860; 18.6.2 Axial Mode 861; 18.7 Yagi-Uda Antennas 863; 18.8 Log-periodic Antennas 864; 18.9 Horn Antennas 867; 18.10 Reflector Antennas 869; 18.10.1 Corner Reflector Antenna 869; 18.10.2 Parabolic Reflector Antenna 870; 18.11 Microstrip Patch Antennas 875; 18.12 Lens Antennas 877; 18.12.1 Non-metallic Dielectric Lens Antenna 878; 18.12.2 Artificial Dielectric Lens Antennas 879; 18.12.3 E-plane Metal Plate Lens Antennas 882; 18.13 Slot Antennas 883; 18.14 Array Antennas and Concept of Phased Arrays 884; 19 Microwave Measurements 892; 19.1 Introduction 892; 19.2 Tuned Detectors 892; 19.3 Slotted Line Carriage 894; 19.4 VSWR Meter 894; 19.5 Spectrum Analysers 895; 19.6 Network Analysers 897; 19.7 Power Meters 899; 19.7.1 Schottky Barrier Diode Sensor 899; 19.7.2 Bolometer Sensor 899; 19.7.3 Bolometer Bridge 901; 19.7.4 Thermocouple 902; 19.8 Frequency Counters 902; 19.9 Microwave Sources 903; 19.10 Microwave Amplifiers 903; 19.11 High-power Measurement by Calorimetric Method 904; 19.12 Measurement of Insertion Loss and Attenuation 904; 19.13 Measurement of VSWR 906; 19.13.1 Measurement of Low VSWR 907; 19.13.2 Measurement of High VSWR 908; 19.14 Measurement of Return Loss by Reflectometer 910; 19.15 Measurement of Phase Shift 912; 19.16 Measurement of Impedance 913; 19.16.1 Slotted Line Method 913; 19.16.2 Impedance Measurement of Reactive Discontinuity 914; 19.17 Measurement of Frequency 915; 19.17.1 Slotted Line Method 915; 19.17.2 Wavemeter Method 915; 19.17.3 Transfer Oscillator Method 916; 19.18 Measurement of Cavity Q 917; 19.18.1 Slotted Line Measurement Technique 917; 19.18.2 Measurement of Q from Transmitted Power 919; 19.18.2.1 CW Measurement 919; 19.18.2.2 Swept-frequency Measurement 920; 19.18.2.3 Swept-frequency Measurement Using Electronic Frequency Marker 921; 19.18.2.4 Q Measurement by Measuring Phase Shift of Modulation Envelope of Transmitted Signal 924; 19.18.3 Decrement Method for Q Measurement 924; 19.19 Measurement of Dielectric Constant 925; 19.19.1 Waveguide Method 925; 19.19.2 Cavity Perturbation Method 927; 19.20 Measurement of Scattering Parameters Using Network Analysers 929; 19.21 Measurement of Noise Factor 930; 19.22 Antenna Measurements 931; 19.22.1 Measurement of Radiation Pattern 932; 19.22.2 Phase Measurement 932; 19.22.3 Gain Measurement 932; 19.22.3.1 Standard Antenna Method 932; 19.23 Measurement of Radar Cross section 934; 20

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